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The Insect Fauna of the 
Genus Crataegus 



A THESIS 

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE* SCHOOL OF 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF 

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 



BY 



WALTER HOUSLEY WELLHOUSE 



Reprinted from Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 

Memoir 56 
Ithaca, N. Y. June 192.?. 



The Insect Fauna of the 
Genus Crataegus 



A THESIS 

PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF 

CORNELL UNIVERSITY FOR THE DEGREE OF 

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 



BY 

WALTER HOUSLEY WELLHOUSE 



Reprinted from Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 

Memoir 56 
Ithaca, N. Y. June 1922. 



y> 



4^ 



By. ■ 



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CONTENTS 

PAGE 

The genus Crataegus 1046 

Ecological summary 1047 

The relation of Crataegus insects to apple, pear, and quince 1050 

Biological notes on insects feeding on Crataegus, as observed by the writer from 1917 

to 1920 1051 

Acarina 1051 

Tetranychidae 1051 

Eriophyidae 1052 

Ort hoptera 1054 

Acridiidae 1054 

Hemiptera 1054 

Miridae ( Capsidae) 1054 

Tingitidae 1056 

Cicadellidae (Jassidae) 1061 

Membracidae 1063 

Aphididae 1063 

Coccidae 1065 

Thysanoptera 1066 

Thrypidae 1066 

Coleoptera 106C 

Elateridae 1066 

Buprestidae 1066 

Scarabaeidae 1066 

Chrysomelidae 1067 

Curculionidae 1068 

Lepidoptera 1072 

Papilionidae 1072 

Saturniidae 1073 

Arctiidae 1073 

Noctuidae 1073 

Notodontidae 1074 

Lymantriidae 1075 

Lasiocampidae 1075 

Geometridae 1076 

Sesiidae (Aegeriidae) 1076 

Pyralidae 1077 

Tortricidae 1077 

Yponomeutidae 107S 

Elachistidae 1079 

Lyonetiidae .' 1079 

Cosmopterygidae 1080 

Diptera 1080 

Cecidomyiidae (Itonididae) 1080 

Trypetidae 1085 

Hymenoptera 1086 

Tenthredinidae 1086 

1041 



1042 Contents 

PAGE 

Literature cited 1088 

Catalog of insects injurious to Crataegus 1090 

Acarina 1090 

Orthoptera 1091 

Odonata 1091 

Hemiptera 1091 

Thysanoptera 1 100 

Coleoptera 1 100 

Lepidoptera 1 108 

Diptera ? 1129 

Hymenoptera 1 131 

Index of genera and species 1133 



THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 



THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 
Walter H. Wellhouse 

This paper is submitted as a result of three years of study of the insects 
that feed on the plants belonging to the genus Crataegus. The writer's 
object at the time when the work was undertaken was primarily to learn, 
by collecting and rearing, what insects occur on the trees of this genus in 
central New York. As the interest in the work increased, it was decided 
to widen the field and make the list more complete by including the insects 
that other workers have found to be eaters of Crataegus. 

There are three older lists of insects feeding on Crataegus which have 
been helpful in the preparation of the present, catalog. Kaltenbach 
(1872) x gives a list of 104 European species, Packard (1890) gives 46 
American species, and Felt (1906) gives 28 American species. With the ex- 
ception of these three lists, the material included in this paper is gathered 
from widely scattered references and from the writer's observations. Since 
food-plant indices are very commonly omitted from entomological writings, 
it is difficult to get a list of all the insects that feed on a plant. Such a 
list can be obtained only by scanning the pages of a multitude of papers 
containing biological notes on all orders of insects. Much of that kind of 
work has been done in the preparation of this catalog, but, since it has 
not been possible to see all papers that might contain accounts of insects 
feeding on Crataegus, the writer does not claim that his list is complete. 

The catalog contains 382 species, representing 9 orders and 55 families. 
They are distributed as follows: 

Acarina, 10 species: Thysanoptera, 1 species: 

Eriophyidae 7 Thrypidae 1 

Phyllocoptidae 1 Coleoptera, 74 species: 

Tetranychidae 2 Elateridae 3 

Orthoptera, 4 species: Buprestidae 6 

Gryllidae 1 Scarabaeidae 4 

Acridiidae 3 Ceratnbycidae 5 

Odonata, 1 species : Chrysomelidae 12 

Agrionidae 1 Curculionidae 40 

Hemiptera (including Homoptera), 8 I Ipidae (Scolytidae). 2 

species : Anthribidae 1 

Miridae (Capsidae) 12 Dermestidae 1 

Tingitidae 4 Lepidoptera, 184 species: 

Membracidae 4 Papilionidae 2 

Cicadellidae (Jassidaej In Nymphalidae 2 

Psyllidae (Chermidae) 7 Pieridae 1 

Aphididae 22 Lycaenidae 3 

Coccidae 17 Sphingidae 3 



'Dates in parenthesis refer to Literature Cited, page 1088. 

1045 



1046 Walter H. Wellhouse 

Lepidoptera {continued): Lepidoptera {continued): 

Saturniidae 3 Yponomeutidae 7 

Arctiidae 3 Gelechiidae 6 

Noctuidae 27 Elachistidae 5 

Notodontidae 6 Gracilariidae 12 

Lymantriidae 7 Glyphipterygidae 2 

Lasiocampidae 10 Nepticulidae 11 

Geometridae 27 Cosmopterygidae 2 

Drepanidae 1 Lyonetiidae 4 

Nolidae 1 Diptera, 16 species: 

Psychidae 1 Cecidomyiidae (Itonididae) 15 

Limacodidae 1 Trypetidae 1 

Cossidae 1 Hymenoptera, 8 species: 

Sesiidae (Aegeriidae) 3 Tenthredinidae . . 7 

Pyralidae 3 Chalcididae 1 

Tortricidae 30 

The catalog includes insects that have been taken on the Crataegus trees 
in five continents. The number of species reported from each continent is 
as follows: North America, 213 species; Europe, 203; Asia, 88; Africa, 11 ; 
Australia, 8. All but 45 of the North American species are believed 
to be distinct from those of the Old World. A single Australian species 
is distinct from those of other continents. The insects recorded from 
Asia and Africa are found also in Europe. 

It will be noticed that the mites, which have similar habits, are included 
with the insects in this paper. 

Some helpful references to entomological notes concerning each species 
have been included in the catalog, which is intended as an aid to other 
workers who are investigating the insects of our deciduous fruit trees 
and related plants. 

Grateful acknowledgment is made to Professors Glenn W. Herrick and 
James G. Needham, of the Department of Entomology at Cornell Uni- 
versity, under whose direction the work was done and whose kindly criti- 
cisms and suggestions are appreciated; also to Dr. W. T. M. Forbes, 
Dr. Edith M. Patch, Chas. W. Leng, Dr. P. B. Lawson, Professor Z. P. 
Metcalf, Dr. H. H. Knight, Professor Carl J. Drake, Dr. E. P. Felt, 
and Henry Dietrich, who have kindly aided in the determination of 
species; to Dr. K. M. Wiegand, who has kindly aided in the determina- 
tion of species of Crataegus; and to Miss Lela G. Gross for able editorial 
assistance. 

THE GENUS CRATAEGUS 

Crataegus is the name of a group of trees and shrubs commonly known 
by their sharp thorns, white flowers (pink or red in a few cultivated 
varieties) in May, and red' or yellowish fruit like minature apples in 
autumn. It is an ancient Greek name derived from kratos (strength), 
and was applied to the plants of this genus because of the hardness and 
durability of the wood. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1047 

Among the popular names by which the genus is known most commonly 
are the following: hawthorn, thorn apple, red haw, white thorn, and thorn, 
in America; hawthorn and may, in England; aubepine, in France (snellier, 
by French Canadians); Weissdorn, in Germany; spinalba, in Italy. , As 
the name hawthorn seems to be the one most commonly used by English- 
speaking peoples, the writer has used it in this paper to represent .all 
species of Crataegus. 

The genus is placed by many botanists in the family Rosaceae. Other 
botanists have divided the Rosaceae group and formed an apple family, 
Malaceae, in which Crataegus is included along with Malus, Pyrus, 
Cydonia, Mespilus, Sorbus, Amelanchier, Aronia, and Eriobotrya.. 

The determination of species of Crataegus is as great a taxonomic 
problem to botanists as the determination of the parasitic Hymenoptera 
is to entomologists. During the first ten years of this century about 
one thousand species of Crataegus were described in North America. 
Many of them are now regarded as hybrids and varieties, -and 'a still 
further reduction of species is in progress. This taxonomic uncertainty 
makes it impossible in many cases to recognize specific hosts for th# 
insects that feed on the hawthorns. 

Crataegus is distributed over most of the temperate parts of the North- 
ern Hemisphere. The genus is not indigenous in the Southern Hemis- 
phere except in America, where it follows the unbroken mountain chain 
through the Tropics and grows in the Andes Mountains. It is found as 
far north as Newfoundland, Norway, and Sweden, and extends south- 
ward to the Mediterranean borders of Africa and Asia Minor. The 
European species have been introduced into Australia and other Europsan 
colonies in the Southern Hemisphere for cultivation. 

Most species of hawthorns seem to thrive in any well-drained soil 
which is not acid and where rainfall is sufficient for the growth of 
forest trees, while a few species thrive in acid soils also. They are usu- 
ally long-lived trees, and individuals 0113 hundred years old are not 
uncommon. 

Distribution is effected largely by means of birds and mammals, which 
eat the ripe fruits and carry the seeds in their digestive tracts to other 
communities. Within the same community, thickets are commonly 
formed from the new stems which grow from the roots of a single tree. 
Wherever the roots become exposed to light, as by washing on hillsides, 
a new stem may grow and a tree be formed from it. 

ECOLOGICAL SUMMARY 

The ecological relations of the hawthorns to their insect fauna may be 
summarized in a general way very briefly. The two basic needs of an 
insect which it is possible for a host plant to supply are food and shelter. 
The hawthorns furnish both food and shelter. 



1048 Walter H. Wellhouse 

They furnish food for nearly all of the insects studied. A few excep- 
tions, such as the snowy tree cricket (Oecanthus niveus) and the damsel 
fly Lestes viridis, procure their food elsewhere and use the hawthorn 
branches merely to shelter their eggs from the weather and their enemies. 
Every part of the tree furnishes food for some species of insect, as may be 
seen from the following outline: 

Trunk and branches •. 40 species 

A. External feeders (scales, aphids, and ethers), 19 

B. Internal feeders (borers), 21 

Roots (aphids) 1 

Thorns (weevils) 1 

Leaves 292 

A. External feeders (miscellaneous), 235 

B. Miners (tineids, weevils, sawflies), 37 

C. Gall makers (aphids, mites, cecidomyiids), 20 

Flowers (thrips, maggots, caterpillars, beetles, and others) 12 

Fruit (caterpillars, bugs, maggots, grubs) 30 

The other basic need of insects which a host plant may supply is 
shelter. Most of the insects included in this paper are sheltered to some 
extent by the hawthorn, although the completeness of the shelter varies 
with the habits of each species of insect. Some are protected only by their 
position on the surface of the tree. Others are partially sheltered in rolled 
leaves, bark crevices, and the like. Still others are securely housed within 
the plant tissues. The degree of shelter secured by those species living 
externally on the surface of the plant varies so greatly and so gradually 
that no distinct lines of division can be drawn in so general a statement as 
this. The more distinct groups of internal feeders (borers, leaf miners, 
and gall makers) are indicated above and are distinguished from the 
external feeders, which receive less complete shelter. 

The fact that so many species of insects feed at the expense of the haw- 
thorns suggests the idea that these trees are in danger of extinction. Such 
is not the case, however, for the hawthorns when not weakened by drought 
or flood are very hardy, long-lived trees. Some indications as to why they so 
successfully withstand the feeding of the insects may be seen from a study of 
the following data, which are based on statistics given in the last sections of 
this paper: 

Approximate Feeding Period of Hawthorn Insects 

Species Species 

March 11 August 117 

April 54 September 124 

May 190 October 80 

June ... 232 November 23 

July 131 Time of feeding unknown 58 

Food Plants of Hawthorn Insects 

Food plants restricted to Crataegus 57 species 

Food plants including other related or associated groups 325 species 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1049 

It will be noticed that there is a direct correspondence between the. time 
of feeding of the insects and the time of growth of the trees. The greatest 
number of species feed during May and June, when the trees make their 
greatest growth. The number decreases slightly during July and August, 
at the time when droughts frequently check tree growth, and then it 
increases slightly in September, at the time when fall rains often cause a 
new growth. This relationship between the period of growth and the 
time of feeding seems to be one of Nature's adjustments for maint ining 
balance. 

The fact that a large majority of the insects feed on other host plants 
also, lessens the danger of destruction of the hawthorns and is another of 
Nature's provisions for maintaining balance. There are, of course, many 
other factors that tend to lessen the insect injury to the trees, such as 
the interrelations of the insects with their parasites and preye.rs, but so 
little is known about them that the writer makes no attempt to discuss 
them. 

A host of bees, flics, and beetles visit the blossoms in quest of pollen and 
nectar. The winter buds in some species of hawthorn become coated with 
a sticky exudation, which attracts insects emerging in late winter, such 
as the stone flies and the chironomids. These transient members of the 
Crataegus fauna have been omitted from consideration in this paper. 
A list of insects that visit the blossoms is given by Knuth (1908). 

In the preparation of the catalog of hawthorn insects it became noticeable 
that some of the species which have more than one host plant have chosen 
only closely related hosts, such as the apple, the pear, or the medlar, while 
many others have chosen their hosts from plants that grow in the same 
communities regardless of close botanical relationship. A study of these 
combinations of hosts and the habitats in which they grow has led the 
writer to believe that the hawthorns are members of at least five different 
plant communities, which may be described as follows: 

1. Open woods. In woodlands where the growth habit of the taller trees permits sunlight 
to reach the ground so that an undergrowth may develop, such as that in a forest of oak, 
hickory, and elm, Crataegus is commonly found along with Corylus, Rhamnus, Carpinus, 
Prunus spinosa, and the like. 

2. Deforested areas. Where a shrubby growth has sprung up after the destruction of a 
forest, numerous thorny forms such as Crataegus, Rubus, Berberis, and Prunus spinosa 
are frequently found. 

3. Grazing lands. Hillsides or valleys where the soil is uncultivated and cattle are pastured 
are frequently dotted with Crataegus, Rosa, and crab apple, which because of their thorns 
can continue to thrive and outgrow the ('anger of being eaten by the cattle. 

4. Stream banks. Just back of the willows and alders on moist alluvial soil beside streams, 
Crataegus grows to its greatest size and is associated with birch, willow, alder, and poplar. 

5. Fence rows. Where shrubs are allowed to grow up along the fences, Prunus virginiana, 
Crataegus, wild plum, and wild cherry are frequently found closely associated. 

In each of these five communities insects will be found which feed on 
the various plants of the community. For example, Psylla malt Schmid. 



1050 Walter H. Wellhouse 

feeds on Crataegus, Malus, Sorbus, Quercus, Ulmus, and Corylus, which 
may all be found in the open-woods community, as may the host plants 
of the flat-headed apple-tree borer, Chrysobothris femorata Fabr. On 
the other hand, the leaf beetle, Cryptocephalus bipunctatus Linn., feeds 
near the streams on such plants as Salix, Betula, Crataegus, and Corylus, 
and Agrilus vittaticollis Rand, is found along the fence rows on Crataegus, 
Prunus virginiana, and Amelanchier. No very distinct lines can be 
drawn between the members of these communities, since many of the 
plants and insects belong to more than one community. 

THE RELATION OF CRATAEGUS INSECTS TO APPLE, PEAR, AND QUINCE 

A more complete knowledge of the insects that feed on Crataegus is of 
considerable importance as an aid in the control of insect pests of the 
cultivated commercial fruits. It has for many years, since the days of 
Walsh and Riley, been recognized by entomologists as the original native 
host plant of a number of important insect pests which now attack the 
apple, the pear, and the quince in the northeastern section of the United 
States. In all probability new pests must be expected to attack the culti- 
vated fruits in the future as the population of the country increases, 
since as a consequence less uncultivated land will remain where the insects 
may feed undisturbed on their natural hosts. 

The. main commercial fruits of the United States, such as the apple, the 
pear, the quince, and the cherry, are natives of the Old World and have 
been imported by man into America. With them were imported a number 
of foreign insects, such as the codling moth, the bud moth, and the sinuate 
pear borer, which continued to feed on them in this country. Many of 
the pests now destructive to these fruits, however, are native to North 
America and are not found in the Old World. Before the extensive plant- 
ing of the imported fruits these insects must have fed on native plants. 
Among the most numerous of the native plants which are similar to the 
apple, the pear, and the quince are those of the genus Crataegus, and the 
members of this genus are widely distributed throughout many of our 
commercial fruit districts. 

A young orchard which is set in the midst of hawthorns may be ruined 
in a few years by the insects that migrate to it from the surrounding trees. 
Well-established orchards may suffer from the attacks of new pests when- 
ever there is a failure of the crop, of wild haws or a clearing of the land 
occupied by hawthorns so that their natural guests must seek other 
hosts. 

It is commonly known among entomologists that the apple maggot, 
Rhagoletis pomonella, was originally a hawthorn insect and that after the 
apple had been cultivated in North America for many years this insect 
selected the larger, juicier fruit of the apple for its home. It is still found 
in the haws but is now known as an apple pest. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1051 

The apple redbug, Heterocordylus malinus, is another hawthorn insect 
which has adopted the apple. It was formerly believed that the false 
apple redbug, Lygidea mendax, was also originally a hawthorn insect, 
but the observations of Cushman (1916), as well as those of the writer, 
indicate that L. mendax is a wild-crab insect and does not feed extensively 
on hawthorns. 

The quince curculio, Conotrachelus crataegi, is a very common feeder 
in haws which has occasionally injured quinces seriously and has thus 
gained its common name. Likewise the lesser apple worm, Laspeyresia 
prunivora, has gained its common name because of occasional migrations 
from hawthorn to apple. 

Baker (1915:10) considers the woolly apple aphis, Eriosoma lanigera, 
to have been originally an elm-Crataegus feeder which has adopted the 
apple and traveled around the world with it. The woolly aphis is undoubt- 
edly common on hawthorns. 

Numerous other native American insects that feed on apple, pear, or 
quince are included in the catalog of hawthorn feeders beginning on 
page 1090. 

The possibility that foreign hawthorn insects may be imported and 
become pests in North America should also be considered. When intro- 
duced into a new environment away from their natural checks, these may 
become more important here. Recent examples of this are three small 
moths imported from Europe — the apple and thorn leaf skeletonizer, 
Simaethis pariana; the hawthorn ermine moth, Yponomeuta padellus; 
and the lesser bud moth, Recurvaria nanella. These have attracted 
the attention of economic entomologists in North America as apple and 
cherry pests, while in Europe they feed commonly on hawthorns. 

Since the catalog of hawthorn insects included in this memoir lists 
their food plants and the continents where each species occurs, further 
examples of foreign hawthorn insects that are now in North America 
may be found there. 

biological notes on insects feeding on crataegus, as observed 
by the writer from 1917 to 1920 2 

Acarina 
Tetranychidae 

telarius Linn., Tetranychus (Red spider) 

The leaves of all species of Crataegus observed showed attack by 
Tetranychus telarius. The European hawthorns, however, seem to be 
more often severely injured by these mites than the native species. The 

2 The insects are grouped according to order and family, and arranged alphabetically by species within 
the family. 



1052 



Walter H. Wellhouse 



injury is severest in warm, dry periods. The leaves at first become 
grayish, due to the presence of a fine white web and the cast skins of the 
mites attached to them. Later they turn brown and their margins curl 
toward the surface on which the mites have fed. The adults hibernate 
among the fallen leaves and a few were found in bark crevices on the trunk 
in April. The tiny, round, white eggs are laid on the leaves. The mites 
breed continually on the leaves from June to October. 

Eriophyidae 

Eriophyes sp. No. 1 (Hawthorn serpentine gall of Jarvis) 

The species of Eriophyes here described produces long, green or red, 
serpentine galls confined to the space between two of the larger veins and 
extending from the midrib toward the margin of the leaf (fig. 102). The 




Fig. 102. leaves of craetaegus punctata showing serpentine galls 
produced by eriophyes sp. no. 1 



gall consists of a wavy projection on the upper side of the leaf and a wavy 
incision on the lower side. In cross section the leaf appears convoluted, 
with the galls projecting upward as loops or pockets in which the mites 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 



1053 




live (fig. 103). The leaf does not become thickened in these galls. The 
galls become extremely abundant on some trees, so that almost every leaf 
is deformed. The mites seem to prefer the shady branches of trees, 
rather than those in bright 
sunlight. They become most 
abundant during August, 
when the galls are swarming 
with the microscopic white 
mites. The galls were found 
most abundantly on Crata- 
egus punctata, but they were Fig. 103. cross section of a Crataegus leaf, 
found also on C. pruinosa through three serpentine galls 

and other native hawthorns. 

Eriophyes sp. No. 2 (Hawthorn 
marginal gall) 
Galls very similar to those 
of Eriophyes gonioihorax Nal., 
which are found on hawthorns 
in Europe, are produced by 
Eriophyes sp. No. 2. The 
margin of the leaf is curled 
tightly downward for a dis- 
tance of two centimeters or 
more (figs. 104 and 105), and 
the curled margin is paler green 
than the rest of the leaf. The 
mites live within the curl. This 
gall is not very common about 
Ithaca, but was found in a few 
cases on Crataegus coccinea. 

Eriophyes sp. No. 3 (Thorn leaf 
pouch gall) 

Many small, pale green 
pouches, standing on the upper 
side of the leaf and opening 
beneath the leaf by a small slit, 
are caused by microscopic 

white mites which live within the pouches. The 

galls vary in size and shape, but are generally 

about two millimeters high and are rounded on top 

(figs. 106 and 107). They may be found at any 

place on the leaf except on the larger veins. 

They are fairly common on Crataegus punctata 

but are not so abundant as the serpentine galls. 




Fig. 104. hawthorn marginal galls 



sssssssgsss 




Fig. 105. cross section 
through curled edge 

OF LEAF 



1054 



Walter H. Wellhouse 



Orthoptera 

Acridiidae 

atlanis Riley, Melanoplus 
bivittatus Say, M. 
femur-rubrum De Geer, M. 

The common grasshop- 
pers Melanoplus atlanis, 
M. bivittatus, and M. 
femur-rubrum sometimes 
leave their herbaceous host 
plants to feed on the foliage 
of the lower branches of 
hawthorn trees. The older 
nymphs and adults have 
been observed feeding in 
August and September. 
They feed irregularly on 
the leaves, sometimes eat- 
ing the entire leaf and 
sometimes eating only the 
apex or one side of it. 

Hemiptera 
Miridae (Capsidae) 

communis Knight, Lygus 

One adult of Lygus communis was taken on June 21 and four were taken 
on August 2, puncturing the leaves of Crataegus punctata. 

dislocatus Say, Horcias 

A few adults of Horcias dislocatus were found feeding on leaves of Cra- 
taegus punctata in June. They are black, rather stout, and 6 millimeters long. 

malinus Reuter, Heterocordylus 
(Dark apple redbug) 

Nymphs and adults of Het- 
erocordylus malinus are very 
common'on native" hawthorns, 
where their'red color and rapid 
running over the branches 
make them very conspicuous. 
The young nymphs begin to 
appear about April 15, when 




Fig. 106. thorn leaf pouch galls 




Fig. 107. 



CROSS SECTION THROUGH 
POUCH GALL 



A THORN LEAF 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1055 

the blossom clusters have just begun to separate and before the blossoms 
show pink. They puncture the leaves and the tender twigs but do not 
cause any noticeable injury. After the fruit sets they feed on the fruit 
also and cause very slight dimples where they puncture it. They become 
adult in late May and early June, and begin ovipositing in the twigs 
about June 15. The egg is deposited in a small slit mad 3 with the beak at 
the base of a young twig. Adults were found on the trees until late July. 

mendax Reuter, Lygidea (Bright apple redbug) 

A few nymphs of Lygidea mendax were found feeding on the leaves and 
fruit of Crataegus in late April and in May. They are not so common 
as Heterocordylus malinus. In the warm laboratory the eggs hatched on 
March 27 on Crataegus punctata twigs, but no nymphs were found in the 
field until the blossoms were opening on April 25. Adults were found 
from June 2 to August 14. One adult in a breeding cage oviposited on 
June 19 in a twig of Crataegus crus-galli. She chose a year-old twig, 
drilled a hole through the bark at the base of the twig, and then, turning 
about, thrust an egg into the cavity. 

ornatus VanD., Orthotylus 

A few adults of Orthotylus ornatus were found feeding on the leaves of 
Crataegus pruinosa in June. They are brownish, spotted, slender, and 
5.5 millimeters long. 

ostryae Knight, Lygus 

A few adults of Lygus ostryae were taken puncturing the leaves of 
Crataegus punctata in late June. They are pale yellowish brown, and are 
otherwise similar in appearance to the tarnished plant bug. 

pellucida Uhl., Diaphnidia 

The pale green nymphs of Diaphnidia pellucida are rather numerous on 
the foliage of Crataegus punctata during late May and early June. They 
run rapidly over the branches when disturbed, and feed on the leaves 
and tender twigs. Adults appeared from June 10 to June 15 in rearing 
cages in the laboratory, and others were found in the field on June 18. 
They are delicate, slender, pale green, and about 4 millimeters long. 

pratensis Linn., Lygus 

Adults of Lygus pratensis which have lived through the winter are some- 
times found puncturing the buds of Crataegus in April, as soon as the buds 
show green, and a few were found puncturing the young fruit in late May. 

univittatus Knight, Lygus 

Adults of Lygus univittatus are rather common during late May and 
June, puncturing the leaves and fruit of native hawthorns. They resemble 
L. communis very closely, but are generally paler. 



1056 Walter H. Wellhouse 

Tingitidae 

bellula Gibson, Corythucha (Plates LXXII and LXXIII) 

Although the original description of Corythucha 'bellula was published 
but recently (Gibson, 1918), the species seems to be fairly common where 
its host plants occur, and it has probably been confused with C. cydoniae 
by earlier observers who must have seen it on the hawthorns. It has 
been found by Drake in Ohio and by Griddle in Manitoba. 

The host plants include those species of Crataegus that have hairy leaf 
veins, and also Alnus incana and Ribes oxyacanthoides. The writer has found 
the insect breeding in abundance on Crataegus neofluvialis and to some 
extent on C. albicans and C. punctata. The hawthorns with smooth leaves, 
such as C. pruinosa, C. crus-galli, and C. oxyacantha, even when their 
branches were intermingled with thos? of trees that were badly infested, 
revealed no nymphs nor eggs. 

In a large thicket of C. neofluvialis trees near the Cornell University 
campus, the leaves were so discolored by the end of July that they attracted 
attention several hundred yards away. By the middle of August the 
leaves were falling, and the branches were bare by September 1. No 
fruit matured on these trees. A few scattered trees of this species in other 
directions from the city were also badly infested. Individual trees of 
C. albicans and C. punctata showed an occasional branch badly infested 
and with leaves discolored. The injury is caused by the nymphs and 
the adults puncturing the under surface of the leaf and sucking the sap, 
producing at first a mottled effect due to the pale areas around the feeding 
punctures, while later the leaf turns brown and falls to the ground. Orna- 
mental plantings of Crataegus in parks and gardens are rendered unsightly 
and weakened by this injury. 

There are two generations annually at Ithaca. The first brood hatches 
in July from eggs laid in late May and in June, and the nymphs become 
mature in from twenty to twenty-five days. The second-brood eggs- are 
laid in late July and in August, and the adults appear in late August and 
in September. 

The adults of the second brood hibernate among the fallen leaves and 
in crevices of the bark. Many of them remain on the leaves on which 
they were feeding before the leaves fell. They appeared the last of 
May, and during early June were feeding on the new Crataegus leaves. 
As a rule only one pair of adults was found on a leaf, and they remained 
feeding and ovipositing on that same leaf for several days. After emer- 
gence from the nymphal skin in September, the adults of the second brood 
continue feeding on the leaves until they fall, in late September or in 
October. 

The egg is subelliptical, with the basal end rounded and the apical end 
bent slightly to one side and capped with a rather broad cylindrical collar 



Memoir 56 



Plate_LXXII 




CORY1HUCHA BELLULA 

1, Adult. 2, Lateral view of hood and carina. 3, Tip of abdomen of female, with ovi- 
positor at rest. 4, Same with ovipositor exserted ; chitinized parts within body shown by dotted 
lines. 5, Ovipositor. 6, Tip of abdomen of male, with claspeis at rest. 7, Same with claspeis 
exserted. 8, Eggs in position among haiis in axil of leaf veins 



1057 



1058 Walter H. Wellhouse 

surmounted by a low cone with irregular ridges extending from base to 
apex. From the apex of this cone there arises in some cases a short, blunt 
prolongation, but often this is absent. The egg is without waxy covering 
over the chorion, which is smooth, unsculptured, and of a shining dark- 
brown color but somewhat lighter toward the base. The cap, or cone, 
is often whitish. The egg, exclusive of the apical prolongation of the cap, 
is 0.52 millimeter long, and 0.21 millimeter broad at its greatest width. 

The eggs are laid on the under surface of the leaf, in the axils formed by 
the midrib and its lateral branches. Although the female has a well- 
developed, sawlike, four-valved ovipositor, the eggs are not inserted into 
the leaf tissue. They are placed among the hairs on the veins and are 
in some cases glued together with an adhesive material. They are gen- 
erally laid in small groups, some groups containing as many as eighteen 
or twenty eggs; but occasionally they are laid singly. In counting 
the number of eggs on one hundred infested leaves the writer found an 
average of forty-nine eggs to a leaf. Occasionally a leaf had seventy- 
five or eighty eggs on it. The egg-laying period extends over several 
weeks, so that eggs, nymphs, and adults may be found at the same time 
in July and August. 

Eggs laid on June 2 hatched on July 9 and 10, while the eggs of the 
second brood, laid on July 29 and 30, hatched on August 15 and 16. This 
indicates an incubation period of about thirty-seven days in the cooler 
temperature of June, and eighteen days in July and August when the 
average temperature was higher. 

The conical egg cap is pushed up by the nymph as it begins to emerge 
from the egg still inclosed in the embryonic membranous sac. When 
about halfway out of the eggshell the nymph splits the membranous 
sac and slips it off over the head, leaving it with the egg cap on the outer 
end hanging out from the empty eggshell. 

After emerging and drying, the nymphs begin to feed at once in colonies 
near the eggshells. They molt five times, feeding from three to six days 
between molts, the earlier stages requiring three or four days while the 
later ones require five or six days. In molting, the cuticula breaks along 
the median dorsal line from the front of the head to about the second 
abdominal segment. The insect on emerging is limp, and is almost color- 
less except for the eye facets which are bright red. The body color soon 
darkens and the eyes a few hours later become black. During the fifth 
stage the nymph wanders about more freely over the leaf and in some cases 
goes to adjoining leaves. Descriptions of the nymphal stages follow. 

First stage. — ■ Length 0.5 mm., greatest width 0.15 mm. General shape an elongate ellipse, 
somewhat broader cephalad than caudad and more elongate than in the later stages. At 
first almost colorless but soon becoming dark brown. Beak 4-segmented and extending 
back to sixth abdominal segment. Antenna 3-segmented, the basal two segments being 
shorter than the third segment; basal segment without spines or hairs, second segment with 



Memoir 56 



Plate LXX1II 







7 



YOUNG STAGES OF CORYTHUCHA BELLULA 

1, Egg. 2, Egg after hatching. 3, First-stage nymph. 4, Second-stage nymph. .">, Third 
stage nymph. 6, Fourth-stage nymph. 7, Fifth-stage nymph 



1059 



1060 Walter H. Wellhouse 

a few short hairs, third segment with numerous long spines and hairs, some with rounded 
tip and conical base, others with pointed tip. Head with five prominent dorsal tubercles, 
two slightly separated just above base of beak, each bearing a round-tipped spine; one tubercle 
back of these on median line bearing two spines; two tubercles near posterior margin, widely 
separated and each bearing two spines. Pro- and mesothorax having lateral tubercles with 
a spine on each, and mesothorax having a pair of dorsal tubercles with one spine on each. 
Metathorax and first abdominal segment without spines. Legs armed with short, pointed 
hairs and two bent, sharp, terminal claws. Nine abdominal ssgments visible above, each 
of these except the first bearing on each lateral margin a tubercle surmounted by a round- 
tipped spine; two dorsal tubercles on second, fifth, sixth, and eighth abdominal segments, 
those on second and eighth segments bearing one round-tipped spine each, and those on fifth 
and sixth segments bearing two spines each; tenth abdominal segment visible from a lateral 
or ventral view, this segment bearing no spines nor hairs; minute awl-shaped spinules over 
dorsal surface, especially on large tubercles of fifth and sixth abdominal segments and on 
thorax. (Plate LXXIII, 3.) 

Second stage. — Length 0.68 mm., greatest width 0.27 mm. Body broader in proportion 
to its length than in first stage; dark brown in color, with numerous minute spinules over 
dorsal surface, covering it much more completely than in first stage. Additional small 
spines on both dorsal and lateral tubercles, and the round-tipped spines present before having 
a slightly longer conical base in this stage. (Plate LXXIII, 4.) 

Third stage. — Length 0.82 mm., greatest width 0.44 mm. Antenna with four segments. 
Round-tipped spines arising from a base longer than the spines, and a few additional small 
spines on tubercles. Pro- and mesothorax beginning to increase in prominence. (Plate 
LXXIII, 5.) 

Fourth stage. — Length 1.2 mm., greatest width 0.7 mm. Wing pads of mesothorax extend- 
ing back over metathorax and first abdominal segment at sides. Prothorax more prominent 
than in earlier stages. Bases of round-tipped spines several times as long as the spines. 
A few new spines present on lateral margins of pro- and mesothorax and of abdomen. Color 
dark brown, except in an irregular band across abdomen just caudad of wing pads and on 
lateral thirds of prothorax, where it is yellowish. Minute spinules covering entire dorsum, 
light-colored on the yellowish parts and dark on the brown parts ; these spinules present also 
on bases of round-tipped spines. (Plate LXXIII, 6.) 

Fifth stage. — Length 1.6 mm., greatest width 0.96 mm. Wing pads now extending back 
to fourth abdominal segment at sides, and prothorax still more prominent. A few more 
spines on tubercles; many of the sharp-pointed spines of the earlier stages now round-tipped; 
spines present in the earlier stages on lateral margins of segments covered by wing pads have 
disappeared. Yellowish parts of prothorax increased in size, and distal part of wing pads 
yellowish, giving the body the appearance of having two light bands across it. Entire dorsal 
surface covered with minute spinules as in earlier stages. (Plate LXXIII, 7.) 

In all stages of the nymphs the larger spines correspond exactly in 
position and shape with those so excellently described by Morrill (1903) 
for the oak lace bug, Corythucha arcuata. The only distinguishing char- 
acters between the nymphs of the two species which the writer has been 
able to observe are the size and the prevalence of minute awl-shaped 
spinules on the dorsal surface. Nymphs of C. bellula are smaller, and 
possess more spinules, than those of C. arcuata. The larger spines of 
both species which- are mounted on elongate bases seem to have an eversible 
sac on the tip which gives them a trumpet shape when it is drawn in and 
a round tip when it is extended. 

The natural enemies of these spiny creatures seem to be few. Only 
the immature stages of several spiders were seen to prey upon them. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1061 

The webs of these spiders sometimes cover the infested leaves of a tree 
and entangle whole colonies of the lace bugs. The adults that survive 
the winter are comparatively few, so that the first brood of C. bellula 
does little injury. 

Cicadellidae ( Jassidae) 

clitellarius Say, Thamnotettix 

The adults of Thamnotettix clitellarius are of medium size, 5 millimeters 
long. They are yellow, with black wings which have a prominent yellow 
spot. A few specimens were found on June 11. 

coccinea Forst., Graphocephala 

The adults of Graphocephala coccinea are 8 millimeters long, are slender, 
with a pointed head, and have the wings striped with alternate red and 
green. They are found on native hawthorns in July and August, but are 
not common. 

curtisii Fb., Euscelis 

The adults of Eased is curtisii are small, 4 millimeters long, with many 
narrow yellow and black stripes'. Specimens were found on June 23, 
but were not common. 

fitch i YanD., Icliocerus (Black apple leaf hopper) 

The adult of Idiocerus fitchi is 6 millimeters long, is brown or grayish 
with oblique white marks, and is found on native hawthorns in July and 
August. The black nymphs were reared on Crataegus punctata leaves 
from June 14 to July 2. The species winters in the egg stage. 

lachrymalis Fb., Icliocerus 

The adults of Icliocerus lachrymalis are 8 millimeters long, and are 
brownish or grayish mottled, with dark venation. They occur on native 
hawthorns in June and July. They are not common. 

lineatus Linn., Philaenus 

The adults of Philaenus lineatus are (i millimeters long, brownish yellow, 
stout with a pointed head, and with a small black spot near the apex on 
the inner margin of the wing. They are found on native hawthorns from 
July 1 to July 15, but are not common. 

mali LeB., Empoasca (Apple leaf hopper) 

The adults of Empoasca mali are 3| millimeters long, slender, pale 
green. They are found rarely on Crataegus in late June. 

obliqua Say, Erythroneura 

The adults of Erythroneura obliqua are 2| millimeters long, with the wings 
striped red and white. They are very abundant on the leaves of native 



1()(>2 Walter H. Wellhouse 

hawthorns. They hibernate among the fallen leaves under the trees, 
and hundreds of them were present under Crataegus punctata trees in 
March, 1919. During warm days in winter they hop about over the 
leaves. Some individuals have pale pink stripes, and others reddish brown. 
Adults are found feeding on the trees in June and October. 

pallidus Fb., Idiocerus 

A single adult of Idiocerus pallidus was taken on June 23, on Crataegus 
punctata. It was 6 millimeters long, and was similar in size and shape 
to /. fitchi but was almost white. 

provancheri VanD., Idiocerus 

The adults of Idiocerus provancheri are 5| millimeters long, and are 
brown or blackish with an elongate yellow spot on the base of the inner 
margin of the wing. They are common on the leaves of native hawthorns 
during June and July. Nymphs in the rearing cages hatched from eggs 
in Crataegus punctata twigs just as the buds were expanding in April. 
They became adult in three weeks. 

querci Fitch, Empoa 

The small, whitish leaf hoppers known as Empoa querci are very 
abundant on both native and imported hawthorns. The nymphs may be 
found on the under side of the leaves in late June and July, and again in 
September. The adults likewise occur on the under side of the foliage in 
June, August, and late September or early October. They hibernate 
among the fallen leaves and become active on warm winter days. They 
are 3 millimeters long, and are pale yellowish white in color. 

seminudus Say, Eutettix 

The adults of Eutettix seminudus are 4| millimeters long, rather stout, 
and white with a light brown band across the middle of the wings. They 
are rather common on Crataegus punctata and C. tomentosa foliage from 
mid-July to September. 

suturalis Fb., Idiocerus 

The adults of Idiocerus suturalis are 5| millimeters long, and are pallid 
except for the black inner margin of the wings. They are found on 
native Crataegus in June and July, but are rare. 

vanduzei Gill., Eupteryx 

The adults of Eupteryx vanduzei are 2| millimeters long, and are slender 
with a pointed head. The head, the thorax, and the apical part of the 
wings are brown, and the central part of the body and of the wings is 
greenish yellow. One nymph was taken on Crataegus punctata foliage, 
and the adult emerged on August 15. The species is rarely found. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 



1063 



vulgaris Fb., Lamenia 

The adults of Lamenia vulgaris are 4 millimeters long, bluish gray, and 
rather stout. They are abundant on native hawthorns during the last 
half of June. 

Membracidae 

crataegi Fitch, Glossonotus (Hawthorn tree hopper) 

The adults of Glossonotus crataegi are fairly common on the branches of 
native hawthorns during July and early August . 

flavicephala Coding, Ophiderma 

The adults of Ophiderma flavicephala are 8 millimeters long, are brown 
with a yellowish white stripe on each side and across the rear end of the 
prothorax, and are without a hump. They are rarely found on the branches 
of Crataegus punctata and C. tomentosa during June. 

taurina Fitch, Ceresa 

The adults of Ceresa taurina are 8 millimeters long, are pale green, and 
have the prothorax prolonged into a horn on each side of the head. They 
are found occasionally on the branches of Crataegus punctata and C. 
neofluvialis in late July and August. No nymphs were reared to the adult 
stage on Crataegus, but several nymphs 
answering the description of this species 
as given by Hodgkiss (1910) hatched 
on April 20 and lived through three in- 
stars on Crataegus punctata, foliage. 

Aphididae 

corrugatans Sir., Pemphigus (Woolly 
thorn aphis) 
A few colonics of the flocculent 
greenish aphids of the species Pem- 
phigus corrugatans were found in early 
June on Crataegus punctata. They live 
on the under side of the leaves and curl 
the leaf margins downward. 

crataegi Monell, Macrosiphum 

The apterous females of Macrosi- 
phum crataegi may be found from late 
May until October on the native haw- 
thorns at Ithaca, and during July and 
August the species may become so 
abundant as to seriously injure the 




Fig. 108. macrosiphum grataeci 



1064 



Walter H. Wellhouse 



trees. During the summer of 1919 the writer saw a small Crataegus prui- 
nosa tree killed and a very large C. 'punctata tree almost entirely defo- 
liated due to the sucking of sap by myriads of these aphids. They are 
rather large, yellowish green aphids, with long cornicles, and their most 
easily recognizable character is the presence of four dark green spots 
arranged in a rectangle on the dorsal side of the abdomen (fig. 108). The 
entire life history is passed on Crataegus trees. The black winter eggs 
are placed on the twigs and the smaller branches. They begin to hatch 
in May, after the leaves are well opened. The young aphids move to the 
lower surface of the leaves, and their feeding, as the colony increases, causes 
the leaves to curl downward. 

In late June an alate brood appears and migrates to near-by branches 
or trees to start new colonies. It is after this brood appears that the species 
becomes so injurious. 

crataegifoliae Fitch, Aphis 

In early May, 1918, the Crataegus coccinea trees at Ithaca began to show 
the terminal rosettes of curled leaves caused by Aphis crataegifoliae. The 
rosettes turned red, and the aphids within them also were red. The infested 

branches remained de- 
formed and somewhat 
stunted throughout the 
season, although the 
aphids departed from the 
trees about May 20 to 
seek leguminous hosts. 
No aphids of this species 
were observed the next 
year. 

lanigera Hausm., Erio- 
soma (Woolly aphis) 

The woolly aphids first 
become noticeable in 
early June as small white 
spots on the tender twigs 
of Crataegus. In a favor- 
able season such as the 
summer of 1918, they be- 
come very conspicuous 
and cover entire branches 
by late summer (fig. 109). 
The writer has not found 
the roots of Crataegus 
Fig. 109. f.riosoma lanigera on hawthorn infested. 




The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1085 

pomi De Geer, Aphis (Green apple aphis) 

During June and July the succulent sprouts of European and native 
hawthorns are badly infested by green apple aphids. Whenever the weather 
becomes unfavorable for their enemies they increase rapidly and infest 
entire trees or hedges, but fair weather checks them again. 

prunifoliae Fitch, Rhopalosiphum (Apple bud aphis) 

The dark green stem mothers of the species Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae 
begin to appear on the buds of native hawthorns as soon as the bud scales 
have separated enough to show the green leaves within. The colonies 
increase during April and early May, doing some damage to the young 
leaves and buds, but before June they migrate from the trees to grasses 
and are not often found on the trees between early June and late autumn. 
The winter eggs are laid on hawthorn twigs and buds. 

Coccidae 

corni Bouche, Lecanium (European fruit lecanium) 

The species Lecanium corni is often very abundant on the lower side of 
branches of native hawthorns, and occasionally a branch is found to be 
almost entirely covered with these scales. Lower or inner branches that 
receive a scanty supply of light appear to be killed by them. The young, 
flat scales are sometimes very plentiful on the leaves in late summer. 

furfura Fitch, Chionaspis (Scurfy scale) 

The flat, whitish scale known as Chionaspis furfura is very common and 
noticeable on the bark of all Crataegus species which the writer has 
observed. The small, elongate, white, male scales are often very abundant 
on the leaves and bark of Crataegus punctata. The injury caused by 
these scales is not noticeable. 

perniciosus Comst., Aspidiotus (San Jose scale) 

Although the San Jose scale is fairly common on all species at Ithaca, 
it does not seem to increase rapidly enough to become injurious. It is 
more commonly found on the smooth bark of young trees than on old, 
rough-barked trees. 

ulmi Linn., Lepidosaphes (Oyster-shell scale) 

The oyster-shell scale is common on the bark of native and European 
hawthorns, and a few badly infested branches have been found. Gen- 
erally, however, this species seems to be unimportant as a pest of Crataegus. 

vitis Linn., Pulvinaria (Cottony scale) 

The species Pulvinaria vitis is occasionally found on the twigs and 
branches of native hawthorns, but is not very abundant. 



1066 Walter H. Wellhouse 

Thysanoptera 

Thrvpidae 

tritici Fitch, Euthrips 

Nymphs and adults of Euthrips tritici are very common in flowers and 
flower buds of native hawthorns in April and May. Many flower buds 
fail to open, and inside of them are found from one to a dozen or more of 
these thrips. They were exceedingly abundant in the Cornell University 
arboretum in 1918, and very few hawthorns there bore fruit that year. 

COLEOPTERA 

Elateridae 

dubitans Lee, Limonius 

The beetles of the species Limonius diibitans occasionally are found 
eating leaves of native hawthorns in late May and early June. On May 
31, 1919, one of these click beetles was found on a Crataegus pruinosa 
leaf where it had been feeding, and was attacked by an adult pentatomid, 
Apeteticus modestus Dallas. The latter had its beak inserted into the 
beetle, which died while being carried to the laboratory. 

pubescefis Melsh., Agriotes 

The beetles of Agriotes pubescens were eating the leaves of Crataegus 
punctata on May 23. The species is not common. 

Mela not us sp. 

The beetles of Melanotus sp. were eating the leaves of Crataegus punctata 
on June 6 and June 8. The species is not common. 

Buprestidae 

aerosus Melsh., Brachys 

The beetles of Brachys aerosus were found feeding on Crataegus punctata 
leaves in warm sunlight from May 30 to June 20. There were commonly 
two or three to a leaf, feeding on the upper surface and cutting small 
holes through the leaf. As many as fift} r of the beetles were found on one 
tree, while neighboring trees had none. They are from 4 to 5 millimeters 
long, and are brown and gold in color. 

Scarabaeidae 
elongata Fabr., Dichelonycha 

The beetles of Dichelonycha elongata were found feeding on Crataegus 
punctata foliage, six being seen on One tree on May 31. A seventh beetle 
was killed by three adult pentatomids of the species Apeteticus modestus, 
which were feeding on its body. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 10G7 

testacea Kirby, Dichelonycha 

The beetles of Dichelonycha testacea were found on Crataegus tomentosa 
foliage on May 29 and July 1. They cut irregular patches from the 
edge of the leaf. The species is not common. 

Chrysomelidae 

borealis Shev., Dibolia 

The green flea beetles of the species Dibolia borealis are 2\ millimeters 
long. They feed on native hawthorn foliage in May, as soon as it is 
expanded. They hibernate beneath bark scales on the trunk and the 
branches, and when warmed in the hand in February they very soon 
become active. 

carinata Germ., Haltica 

The metallic violet or green flea beetles of the species Haltica carinata 
are 4 millimeters long. They feed on foliage of native hawthorns in 
June. They are not common. 

cucumeris Harris, Epitrix 

Tiny shining bluish beetles less than 2 millimeters long, of the species 
Epitrix cucumeris, were found feeding on Crataegus punctata foliage in 
June. The species is not common. 

helxines Linn., Crepidodera 

The shining greenish flea beetles of the species Crepidodera helxines are 
3 millimeters long. They feed on the foliage of native hawthorns and are 
frequently so numerous as to cause considerable injury. They are found 
feeding in May, June, July, and August, but are most abundant in 
late May and in June. The beetles hibernate under bark scales on the 
trunk and the larger branches, where many of them die from the attack 
of a white fungous growth before spring. 

marginalis 111., Systena 

Yellowish brown, slender flea beetles 4 millimeters long, of the species 
Systena marginalis, were found in August and early September eating 
holes in leaves of native hawthorns. The species is fairly common. 

villosula Melsh., Xanthoma 

The stout brownish or black beetles of the species Xanthoma villosula 
are 4 millimeters long. They were found feeding on the leaves of 
Crataegus punctata from late June to early August. Occasionally they are 
so abundant as to completely riddle the foliage of a tree with the holes 
they cut in feeding (Wellhouse, 1919). Feeding punctures are shown in 
figure 110, on the following page. 



1068 



Walter H. WellhoDse 







Curculionidae 

crataegi Walsh, Conotra- 
chelus (Quince cur- 
culio) 

The square-shouldered 
brown beetles of Cono- 
trachelus era taegi were 
found puncturing the 
fruit of Crataegus for 
feeding and oviposition 
in July and August, 1918, 
and in late May and June, 
1919. The early months 
of 1919 were much 
warmer than those of 
1918 at Ithaca, and this 
probably is the cause of 
the great variation in the 
time of their appearance. 
The larvae develop within 
the haws, feeding on the 
pulp surrounding the 
large, stony seeds. A 
larva commonly eats 
about one-half of the en- 
tire pulp of the fruit 
before emerging in the 
autumn, when it leaves the fruit by a large, round, exit hole. It then 
burrows down two or three inches in the soil and spends the winter as 
a larva curled in a smooth- walled earthen cell. In June, 1918, the writer 
found ninety-six larvae in the soil beneath one Crataegus punctata tree. 
Some of them pupated in June and others in July. They are very common 
on all the native hawthorns. 

nebulosus Lee, Anthonomus (Hawthorn blossom weevil) 

One of the most interesting and injurious of the insects found on the 
hawthorns is Anthonomus nebulosus, a member of a very destructive genus 
of blossom weevils. Its mode of life resembles in a general way that of 
the Mexican cotton boll weevil, A. grandis, and is almost identical with 
that of the European apple-blossom weevil, A. pomorum (Theobald, 1909: 
104-110). 

The original description of A . nebulosus is to be found in the Proceedings 
of the American Philosophical Society (Leconte, 1876), and a more com- 
plete description is given by Dietz (1891). In the present account it is 



FlG. 110. FEEDING PUNCTURES OF XANTHONIA VILLOSULA 
IN LEAVES OF CRATAEGUS PUNCTATA 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1069 

sufficient to say that A. nebulosus is a brown or grayish oval beetle, from 
3.75 to 4.25 millimeters long, generally with a whitish, V-shaped mark 
on the fore part of the elytra, with a long, slender, curved beak, and the 
front femur having two teeth on its apical part, one large and the other 
small (Plate LXXIV, page 1070). 

The species has been found in New York, New Jersey, Michigan, 
Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana, and therefore it seems 
probable that it is present wherever its hosts are found east of the Rocky 
Mountains. Although Dietz considers this species to be more charac- 
teristic of the European fauna than of our own, no record can be found of 
its occurrence in Europe or elsewhere outside of this country. 

Its hosts include a number of the larger-flowered species of hawthorns, 
such as Crataegus punctata, C. brainerdi, C. pruinosa, and C. mollis. The 
smaller-flowered species, such as C. oxyacantha, are not selected by the 
beetles for oviposition, probably because there is not space enough for 
the full development of the larva within the bud. 

The injury caused by the hawthorn blossom weevil is most apparent 
while the trees are in full bloom. At that time the infested blossoms are 
brown and remain closed. On badly infested trees fully fifty per cent of 
the blossoms may be in this condition and the trees present a scorched 
appearance. As the young fruit begins to set, the infested blossoms com- 
monly fall to the ground, but they may sometimes be seen on the trees 
even after the beetles have emerged in June. 

The beetles come out of hibernation and appear on the branches of the 
hosts about mid- April, feeding ravenously on the buds, which are showing 
green. It is not uncommon to see a beetle with feet braced and beak 
inserted up to the eyes in a bud while it hurriedly eats the tender leaves 
within. As soon as all the food within reach of the entrance hole is eaten, 
the beetle seeks another bud on the twig and repeats the process. The 
puncture in the bud is round, is 0.3 millimeter in diameter, and turns 
dark as soon as the beak is withdrawn. The presence of the beetles may 
be detected by these dark round holes in the buds before the egg-laying 
period arrives. The beetles continue to feed on the buds during suitable 
weather until the clusters have separated enough for oviposition in the 
blossoms. 

During cool weather the beetles remain inactive, generally in the axils 
of the twigs with their heads down. A few observations on the relation 
of temperature to their activities were made, and these indicate that 
the beetles remain inactive while the temperature is below 50° F. The 
optimum temperature is from 60° to 70°, and when it is raised to 78° 
the beetles rush about like mad, attempting to oviposit in every bud. 
Under most conditions they seem reluctant to fly, but when placed on 
distasteful food they fly away. They continue their activities on cloudy 
or rainy days and at night if the temperature is sufficiently high. 



Memoir 56 



Plate LXXIV 










ANTHONOMUS NEBULOSUS 

1, Feeding punctures of beetles in hawthorn fruit. 2, Egg in blossom[pud. 3,f Female 
ovipositing in blossom bud. 4, Flower with petals removed to show full-grown larva in its 
natural position. 5, Adult beetle. 6, Three flower buds containing larvae, and one normal 
blossom. 7, Flower with petals removed to show pupa in its natural position 

1070 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1071 

The period between the opening of the blossom clusters and the opening 
of the blossoms themselves is the time of oviposition, and the length of 
this period probably influences the amount of injury to a considerable 
extent. If it is prolonged by cool, cloudy weather, then eggs may be 
placed in more of the blossoms before they open. In central New York 
the oviposition period is about May 15. 

After selecting a suitable blossom bud, the female makes a hole in the 
side of the calyx with her beak. Then, turning around, she thrusts the 
egg into the hole with her ovipositor, and moves to another bud to repeat 
the process. A clear liquid fills the hole where the egg is thrust in, which 
soon hardens and seals the opening completely. The act of oviposition 
requires about ten minutes when the temperature is 68° or 70°, but it 
requires an hour at 54°. 

The egg is pearly white, 0.6 millimeter long, 0.36 millimeter wide, 
elliptical, generally the same size at both ends but when tucked in tightly 
between the anthers it may be narrower at one end to conform to the 
space it fills. It is of almost the same size and color as the anthers and 
is difficult to distinguish from them. The corium is smooth, unsculp- 
tured, and delicate, drying and collapsing when exposed to the air for 
one hour. 

After about a week the young, white, curved, legless larva is found within 
the bud. It feeds on the anthers, and, as it grows, consumes all the internal 
parts of the flower but leaves intact the wall of the receptacle and the 
closed petals which form the roof of its house. The petals become stiff 
as if they were starched, and do not shrink away as they turn brown. 
After feeding for a couple of weeks the larva is dirty white, is from 6 to 
8 millimeters long, is still legless, has a small brown head, and lies in a 
curved position. At about this time it molts and changes to a white, 
free pupa 6 millimeters long, with a dark caudal spine, two dark promi- 
nent spines on the apex of the head, and several smaller spines farther 
back on the head. After pupating during a week or a little longer, the 
beetle makes a hole in the top or the side of its house with its beak, and 
emerges. 

It begins to feed a few minutes after emergence, choosing for its food 
the first young thorn or fruit in its pathway as it wanders along the 
branch. The thorns of the current season's growth seem to be a very 
attractive food. A hole is drilled near the base of the thorn, and the 
beetle spends hours with its beak inserted in the hole completely up to its 
eyes, prying and straining to enlarge the cavity within the thorn. The 
round hole at the base of a thorn does not heal during the season's growth, 
and the presence of such holes will indicate at any time of the year the 
presence of the blossom weevils. The beetles attack the fruit also and 
make several round holes in a single fruit before seeking another. The 
holes become brown almost immediately. The writer has never found 



1072 Walter H. Wellhouse 

the beetles eating leaves or tender twigs, but they sometimes feed on the 
succulent globular leaf galls of cecidomyiid larvae. They will puncture 
and feed on young apples in the cages when fresh haws are not to be had, 
but the writer has found none feeding on apples in the field. 

After feeding for a week or ten days the beetles may be found in copula- 
tion on the branches, and a week or so later, as warm July weather comes, 
they disappear from the trees. Those kept in breeding cages remained 
hidden in fallen curled leaves and hollow twigs on the ground all summer 
and winter without feeding until the next spring. A search for their 
hiding places in the field revealed a score of the beetles inclosed in curled, 
dried leaves on the ground beneath their host trees. 

The life cycle may be summarized as follows: The immature stages 
(egg, larva, and pupa) are completed within the closed blossom in from 
twenty-seven to thirty-five days, and the remainder of the year is passed 
in the adult stage. The adults feed on thorns and fruit for two or three 
weeks after emerging from the blossoms, and then remain quiescent 
among fallen leaves on the ground until the next spring, when they feed 
for about a month on the buds before ovipositing. Soon after oviposition 
the beetles die. In New York the eggs are laid about mid-May and the 
beetles emerge from the blossoms in June. W. D. Pierce, in a letter to 
the writer, says the beetles emerge in late March and early April in Lou- 
isiana. The time of their development in different latitudes is dependent on 
the opening of the hawthorn blossoms in those latitudes. 

A number of natural enemies of the blossom weevil have been observed. 
Various birds, especially sparrows, pick open the brown blossoms to eat 
the larvae and the pupae. Pierce (1912:77) found the weevils to be para- 
sitized by Catolaccus hunteri and Sigalphus sp. The writer has bred 
another chalcid, Habrocytus piercei Cwfd., from the larva of the weevil, 
the adult parasites emerging on June 16 and 17. 

quadrigibbus Say, Tachypterus (Apple curculio) 

The four-humped brownish beetles of the species Tachypterus quadri- 
gibbus were found occasionally feeding on the fruit of native hawthorns 
in June. Fruits of Crataegus punctata were put into rearing cages on 
June 25, and from these fruits five adults of this species emerged on 
July 15 and July 18. 

Lepidoptera 
Papilionidae 

turnus Linn., Papilio (Tiger swallowtail) 

The green larvae of Papilio turnus, with their peculiar eye spots, were 
found feeding on the foliage of native hawthorns from June 20 to August 2. 
The species is not very common. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1073 

Saturniidae 

io Fabr., Automeris 

The eggs of Automeris io are not uncommon on the under side of haw- 
thorn leaves in late June and in July. They are very characteristic and 
conspicuous. A cluster of eggs may consist of a dozen or more, each 
large and creamy white with a dark blue dot on the distal end. The 
larvae feed in colonies on the foliage during July, August, and September. 
They are at first dark, then green, and are always covered with a mass of 
dark, stinging spines. 

Arctiidae 

caryae Harris, Halisidota (Hickory tussock moth) 

The black-and-white-tufted caterpillars of the species Halisidota caryae 
are fairly common on native hawthorns during August. 

tesselaris A. and S., Halisidota 

The caterpillars of Halisidota tesselaris are similar to those of H. caryae 
and are found occasionally on the foliage with them, but are not so 
common. 

textor Harris, Hyphantria (Fall webworm) 

A single colony of larvae of Hyphantria textor was feeding on Crataegus 
pruinosa on July 31, 1918. An egg cluster which was probably of this 
species hatched on June 19, and the young larvae fed on C. punctata leaves 
for a few days and then died. 

Noctuidae 

americana Harris, Acronycta 

The larvae of Acronycta americana are green, with an abundant covering 
of yellowish white hairs and a few long pencils of black hairs. They were 
found feeding on the leaves of native hawthorns in late June and July. 
The species is not common. 

dactylina Grote, Acronycta 

The larvae of Acronycta dactylina are entirely covered with yellowish 
white hairs and have three long pencils of black hairs. They were feeding 
on the foliage of Crataegus punctata from August 15 to September. The 
species is not common. 

luteicoma G. and R., Acronycta 

The larvae of Acronycta luteicoma are black, with tufts of white hairs 
on segments 3 to 6 and tufts of black hairs on the other segments. They 
were found feeding on Crataegus punctata leaves from June 23 to July 22. 
The species is not common. 



1074 Walter H. Wellhouse 

occidentalis G. and R., Acronycta 

The larva of Acronycta occidentalis is hairy, with a dark head and dorsal 
stripes. The remainder of the body is at first whitish but in later stages 
is reddish. Larvae of this species were feeding on Crataegus punctata 
foliage from August 13 to September. The species is not common. 

pyramidoides Guen., Amphipyra 

The larva of Amphipyra pyramidoides is green, with a white dorsal 
and two yellow lateral stripes, and is found feeding on native hawthorn 
leaves in May. One larva constructed a silken cocoon among dead leaves 
on the ground on June 2 and the moth emerged on July 18. The species is 
not common. 

radclijrfei Harv., Acronycta 

The larva of Acronycta radcliffei is greenish or black, has a dorsal line 
of green or brown with faint yellow and red lines, has a hump on segment 
12, and is sparsely hairy. It feeds on the leaves of Crataegus punctata 
from June 29 to July 22. The species is not common. 

superans Guen., Acronycta 

The larva of Acronycta superans is green, with a black dorsal line 
widened into a spot on several abdominal segments and with the last 
segment angularly elevated. There are few hairs on the body. It was 
feeding on Crataegus punctata leaves from June 9 to July 1, and pupated 
in a silken cocoon among leaves and decayed wood on the ground. The 
moth emerged on July 23. Only one larva was found. 

Notodontidae 

concinna A. and S., Schizura (Red-humped apple caterpillar) 

The brownish, red-humped larvae of Schizura concinna feed on leaves 
of native hawthorns during July, August, and early September. Occa- 
sionally they defoliate several branches of a tree, but they are not generally 
injurious as is Datana ministra. They seem to prefer apple to hawthorn. 
On July 27, 1918, a count was made of the infested trees in several thickets 
where seedling apples and hawthorns were growing together. Although 
the hawthorns were much more numerous than the apples, the latter 
had forty-six infested trees while the former had only three. 

manteo Doub., Heterocampa 

The larva of Heterocampa manteo is bright green marked with red. It 
was found feeding on the foliage of native hawthorns in late June and in 
July. The species is not very common. One larva taken from a Crataegus 
punctata tree on August 15 continued to feed in the cage until September 
2, when it wandered away to find a suitable place for spinning its cocoon. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1075 

ministra Dru., Datana (Yellow-necked apple caterpillar) 

One of the most destructive species to both native and European haw- 
thorns during the past few years has been Datana ministra. Very few 
trees have escaped without at least one colony of these yellow-necked, 
black-bodied, gray-haired caterpillars feeding on a branch in July and 
August. Many trees have had an entire branch stripped bare of leaves, 
and occasionally a whole tree has been defoliated. 

The light brown moths appeared and were found ovipositing during 
June and July. The clusters of white eggs, each cluster containing from 
25 to 100, were deposited on the lower side of the leaves and were a common 
sight in July. The larvae of a colony begin to feed at the tip of a branch 
and migrate toward its base as they grow, leaving the bare branch behind 
them. As they become larger they scatter to adjacent branches and feed 
singly or by twos and threes. They become full-grown and enter the soil 
in September. 

Several observations were made to determine whether the larvae pre- 
fer hawthorn to apple. When confined in cages they eat one as readily 
as the other. In the natural uncultivated areas where hawthorn, apple, 
and pear grow wild, however, it was noticed that the colonies of larvae 
were commoner on hawthorn than on the other trees. In one field con- 
taining 50 hawthorn, 39 apple, and 17 pear trees, 79 colonies of larvae were 
counted. Of these colonies 56 were on hawthorn, 15 on apple, and 8 on 
pear. 

Lymantriidae 

leucostigma A. and S., Hemerocampa (White-marked tussock caterpillar) 

The larva of Hemerocampa leucostigma, with its bright red head, its 
red tubercles on segments 6 and 7 of the abdomen, its four white tussocks, 
and its three long, black pencils of hairs, is a common sight on both native 
and European hawthorns. It feeds on the foliage during June and July, 
and the hairy cocoons are common on the branches in winter. 

Lasiocampidae 

americana Harris, Epicnaptera 

The large larva of Epicnaptera americana is gray with white spots and 
two red bands above, and orange with a row of lateral diamond-shaped 
black spots below. It feeds at night on Crataegus punctata foliage in 
July and August. The species is not common. 

americana Fabr., Malacosoma (Apple tent caterpillar) 

During the years 1917 to 1920, only the old egg masses of Malacosoma 
americana were found on the twigs of hawthorns about Ithaca. Only two 
colonies of larvae were seen on the favorite host, wild cherry, and only one 
colony on apple. 



1076 Walter H. Wellhouse 

Qeometridae 

cognataria Guen., Lycia 

The larva of Lycia cognataria is green and is 4| centimsters long. It 
has two pairs of prolegs. On its head are blunt horns, and it bears a 
prominent red tubercle on the next to the last segment. It feeds on 
Crataegus punctata and C. pruinosa foliage in July. It is not a common 
species. 

magnarius G uen . , Ennomos 

A moth of Ennomos magnarius emerged from a brown silken cocoon on 
a twig of Crataegus pruinosa on September 30. Eggs were found on 
a C. punctata twig on November 12. The brownish larvae, 5 centimeters 
long, were found occasionally in May and June. 

pometeria Peck, Alsophila (Fall canker worm) 

The small greenish or brownish larvae of Alsophila pometeria are fairly 
common on native hawthorns in May. 

subsignarius Hub., Ennomos 

The white moths of Ennomos subsignarius emerged on July 6 and July 
18 from pale yellowish pupae which were found tied with silk between 
the leaves of Crataegus punctata. A few of the brown and red larvae were 
found feeding on the foliage of native hawthorns in May. 

tiliaria Harris, Erranis (Lime-tree spanworm) 

The yellow-and-black-striped larvae of Erranis tiliaria are common 
on native hawthorn foliage in May and June. 

titea Cram., Phigalia 

Two larvae of Phigalia titea were found feeding on Crataegus punctata 
leaves on June 2 and June 5. 

vernata Peck, Paleacrita (Spring cankerworm) 

The larvae of Paleacrita vernata are common on foliage of native and 
European hawthorns in May and early June. 

Sesiidae (Aegeriidae) 

scitula Harris, Sesia 

A single Crataegus punctata tree about eight years old and 5 feet high 
was killed by the larvae of Sesia scitula. The 'trunk was entirely girdled 
by four larvae which tunneled beneath the bark two inches above the 
soil. The sapwood was only slightly indented by their burrows around it. 
They pupated during June in silken cocoons covered with frass within 
the burrows, and the moths emerged from July 18 to July 24, In emerg- 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1077 

ing, the moth pushes through one end of the cocoon, and then sheds the 
pupal skin while protruding about two-thirds of its length beyond the 
cocoon. The black, clear-winged moth has a broad and a narrow band 
of yellow across the abdomen. 

Pyralidae 

indigenella Zell., Mineola (Leaf crumpler) 

The cornucopia-like winter cases of Mineola indigenella, a leaf crumpler, 
are easily seen on almost any hawthorn tree during the winter, attached 
firmly to the twigs and the branches and often with partly eaten leaves 
attached. The larvae carry the cases with them and feed on the leaves 
in April and May. They pupate within the same cases attached to twigs 
in June, and at Ithaca the moths emerge in late June. 

Tortricidae 

argyrospila Walk., Archips (Fruit-tree leaf roller) 

The greenish larvae of Archips argyrospila, with their black heads and 
shields, are fairly abundant on the foliage of native hawthorns during 
May and are found occasionally in June. They tie together a cluster of 
leaves and feed on a leaf within the cluster. Moths emerged from the 
larval nests in late June and early July. 

chionosema Zell., Oleihreutes 

The pale green larvae of Oleihreutes chionosema fold the leaves of native 
hawthorns and feed on the upper surface of the leaves within the fold. 
Each larva folds a single leaf at a 
time. They are fairly common on 
the hawthorns and apple trees about 
Ithaca during May. The moths fly 
during June after pupating within the 
folded leaf. A few moths taken on 
August 14 and 15 seem to indicate a 
second brood. The moth (fig. Ill) is 
brownish, with a large white spot on 
the costal edge of the fore wing, and 
has a wing expanse of from 15 to 
16 millimeters. Fig. 111. olethreutes chionosema 

nubeculana Clem., Ancylis 

The greenish larvae of Ancylis nubeculana were found in late summer 
in rolled leaves of Crataegus punctata. They pupated in May and the 
moths emerged from June 8 to June 18. The species is not very 
common. 




1078 Walter H. Wellhouse 

ocellana Fabr., Tmetocera (Bud moth) 

The brownish larvae of Tmetocera ocellana are commonly found in the 
partly opened leaf buds in April and May, on both native and European 
hawthorns. The moths emerge from the larval nests in June and early 
July. 

prunivora Walsh, Laspeyresia (Lesser apple worm) 

The small white caterpillars of Laspeyresia prunivora are very common 
in the fruit of many native hawthorns in late summer. They eat most of 
the pulp from one side of the fruit, causing the skin to sink in there. The 
larvae of the second generation sometimes remain in the fruit all winter, 
living within a mixture of silk and pellets of frass. Others spin silken 
hibernacula under the bark of the trunk very similar to those of the codling- 
moth larvae but smaller. They pupate within the hibernacula in the spring 
and the moths emerge in May and June. In the laboratory they emerged 
in March. Moths of the first generation were taken in the field from 
August 15 to August 30. 

quadrifasciana Fern , Eulia 

The yellowish larvae of Eulia quadrifasciana tie together with silk the 
leaves of terminal clusters on Crataegus punctata in May. They pupate 
within the larval nests and the moths emerge in early June. The moth is 
yellow and orange, with darker oblique bands on the fore wings. The 
species is not very common. 

rosaceana Harris, Cacoecia (Oblique-banded leaf roller) 

Clusters of leaves tied together by the larvae of Cacoecia rosaceana are 
fairly common on all native hawthorns in May and July. The green- 
striped larva, with its brown head and shield, is generally found on a single 
leaf under a slight web, feeding on one side of the leaf only. When full- 
grown the larva ties a cluster of leaves together to pupate within. Moths 
emerged from these nests from May 26 to June 30, and a second brood 
emerged from August 1 to August 15. 

Yponomeutidae 

oreasella Clem., Argyresthia 

The small, green, black-headed larva of Argyresthia oreasella bores 
through a terminal leaf bud down into the twig and makes a hole in the 
side of the twig about h inch from the tip, through which the frass is cast 
out of the burrow. When disturbed the larva runs quickly out of either 
the hole in the twig or the hole in the bud, to escape. Infested twigs 
wilt soon after the larva has left the burrow, and then become brown and 
dry, giving the tree a fire-blighted appearance (fig. 112). Larvae of this 
species were found in many native hawthorn twigs in May. They leave the 




The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1079 

twigs when full-grown, and spin a parchment-like white cocoon surrounded 
by an open layer of lacework attached to the surface of a leaf. The moths 
emerged from June 15 to June 30. A few moths taken in the field on 
August 16 seem to indicate a 
second brood. The moth is 
slender, and is white with ob- 
lique gold bands on the fore 
wings while the hind wings 
are dark gray. Its wing ex- 
panse is about 13 millimeters. 

It has a peculiar habit of ^ f / 

standing on its head when at 
rest on the leaves or the bark. 

Elachistidae 

fletcherella Fern., Coleophora 
(Cigar case-bearer) 
The brown, cigar-shaped 
cases of the larvae of Coleo- 
phora fletcherella are common 
on all the hawthorns through- FlG m TERMINAL OF hawthorn twig destroyed 
out the growing season. They B y larva of argyresthia oreasella 

have been specially abundant 

and injurious on trees and hedges of Crataegus oxyacantha, the European 
hawthorn, during the years 1918 and 1919. The moths emerged from the 
cases in late June and July. 

malivorella Riley, Coleophora (Pistol case-bearer) 

The curved cases of the larvae of Coleophora malivorella are fairly 
common on hawthorns but not so abundant as those of C. fletcherella. 

splendoriferella Clem., Coptodisca (Resplendent shield-bearer) 

The small, yellowish brown, winter shields of Coptodisca splendoriferella 
are rather commonly found attached to the bark and swinging in the 
wind on the branches of native hawthorns, and their blotch mines in the 
leaves are not uncommon. 

Lyonetiidae . 

pomifolieUa Clem., Bucculatrix (Ribbed-cocoon-maker of apple) 

The elongate,' white, ribbed cocoons of Bucculatrix pomifolieUa are 
common on native hawthorns and are rather noticeable in winter, when 
the trees are leafless. The moths emerge in late May. 




1080 Walter H. Wellhouse 

Cosmopterygidae 

curvilineella Chamb., Blastodacna (Hawthorn fruit miner) 

The larvae of Blastodacna curvilineella are very commonly found 
tunneling in the fruit of native hawthorns in late summer. They become 
full-grown in September and October, when they leave the fruit and 
burrow into the ends of dead twigs or other decaying wood to hibernate. 
The hibernation cavity is lined with silk, and in the early spring pupation 
takes place there. The moths emerge in May and June. They are gray, 
with two or three indistinct dusky longitudinal short streaks on the 
wings, and have a wing expanse of 1 centimeter. 

The larva is from 9 to 10 millimeters long. In color it is yellowish 
white, with a brown head and thoracic legs, red spots near the spiracles, 
more or less blackish among the setae on the dorsum of each segment but 
especially noticeable on the prothorax and the anal segment, and many 

patches of black setae arranged as 
shown in figure 113. It feeds on the 
pulp of the fruit and leaves many 
brown pellets of excrement in the bur- 
row behind it. Often one whole side 
Fig. 113. larva of blastodacna r r •, • - i n , i „ • „ __i„. 

curvilineella of a f rmt 1S mined out, leaving only 

the skin to cover it. 
The moths have been bred from larvae in Crataegus pruinosa, C. neo- 
fluvialis, and C. macracantha, and the larvae have been found in a number 
of other native hawthorns. The moth has been reported by Chambers 
from Kentucky (1872) and from Canada (1875), and therefore it probably 
occurs throughout the Eastern States. 

A closely related European species, B. hellerella Dup., feeds in the fruit 
of hawthorns and also bores into young apple shoots (page 1116). 

DlPTERA 

Cecidomyiidae (Itonididae) 

absobrina Felt, Rhizomyia 

crataegifolia Felt, Lestodiplosis (Hawthorn f ringed-cup gall) 

Adults of both Rhizomyia absobrina and Lestodiplosis crataegifolia 
have been reared by Dr. Felt from larvae in the galls. The galls are 
green and cup-shaped, and are covered externally with round-tipped spines 
4 or 5 millimeters in diameter and about the same in height (figs. 114 and 
115). They occur on the larger veins and petioles of leaves and on the 
ends of young twigs of Crataegus pruinosa and C. macracantha. Several 
galls are commonly found in a group on the same or adjoining leaves. 
Those on the leaves are on the upper side, but extend through the leaves 
to form a smooth, semi-globular swelling on the lower side. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1081 




Fig. 114. hawthorn fringed-cup galls 




Fig. 115. cross section through a hawthorn 
fringed-cup gall 



1082 Walter H. Wellhouse 

White larvae, 3.5 millimeters 
long and with a distinct brown 
breast-bone, were found, one in 
each gall, in June. 

crataegifolia Felt , H ormomyia 
(Thorn cockscomb gall) 
Green or red cockscomb-like 
galls (figs. 116 and 117) produced 
by Hormomyia crataegifolia are 
found on the upper or the lower 
side of leaves of Crataegus pru- 
inosa, C. macrosperma, and C. 
coccinea. They are often in groups 
on a leaf or a cluster of leaves, and 
each gall includes a vein. The 
gall is from 8 to 12 millimeters 
long and 5 millimeters high, and 
is open to the outside by a long, 
narrow slit on the opposite side 
of the leaf. These galls are found 
in August. 

venae Felt, Lobopteromyia (Thorn 
Fig. 116. thorn cockscomb gall vein gall) 

Round or oval, thick-walled, 
green galls (figs. 118 and 119) from 5 to 8 millimeters long, produced by 
Lobopteromyia venae, are found on either the upper or the lower surface of 
leaves of Crataegus punctata. The gall opens on the opposite side of the 
leaf by a narrow slit which extends the entire length of the gall in the 
direction of. the vein. It always includes one of the larger veins. The 
galls are fairly abundant in June, when several may be found on one leaf 
and all the leaves in a cluster are deformed. 

Cecidomyia sp. (a. 1840 Felt) 
(Thorn spindle gall) 

Red or green, elongate 
spindle-shaped galls (figs. 120 
and 121) 2 millimeters wide 
and from 5 to 10 millimeters 

long, produced by Cecidomyia . 

sp., are found on either side SSSSSSSSS^ <Sua ^ U ^ n M S 
oi the leaves or Crataegus -p lG -^n. cross section through a thorn cocks- 
punctata. The gall opens by comb gall 




The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1083 




Fig. 118. thorn vein galls 



gggggs^g 




Fig. 119. cross section through a thorn vein gall 



1084 



Walter H. Wellhouse 




Fig. 120. thorn spindle galls 




rCT33332 



Fig. 121. cross section through a 
thorn spindle gall 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 



1085 



a long, narrow slit on the oppo- 
site side of the leaf. These galls 
occur very commonly in groups 
on the same leaf or on adjoining 
leaves. A single yellow larva, 
1 millimeter long, and slender, 
is found in each gall in July or 
August. 

Pineapple gall (maker unknown) 

Red or green spiny galls, 
shaped and armored like a pine- 
apple (figs. 122, 123, and 124), 
3 millimeters in diameter and 
5 millimeters high, are found 
on the upper side of Crataegus 
punctata leaves in July and 
August. The pineapple gall is 
thick and is covered with fleshy 
spines at the base, but becomes 
slender, with long, slender 
spines, toward the apex, which 
is composed of two flat, leaflike, 
vertical plates. The gall opens 
1 tctween these two plates. Gen- 
erally but one gall is found on 
a leaf and it is commonly on the midvein. 





Fig. 122. pineapple galls 



Trypetidae 

pomonella Walsh, Rhagoletis (Apple maggot) 

The maggots of Rhagoletis pomonella have been reared and flies obtained 
from the fruits of Crataegus punctata, C. albicans, C. pruinosa, C. brainerdi, 
and C. macrosperma. The species probably lives also in the fruits of 
other large-fruited hawthorns. 
No larvae have been found in 
the small fruits of C. neofluvialis 
and C. oxyacantha, although 
these have been careful] y 
watched. The maggots leave 
the fruit to enter the ground 
in autumn, and the flies emerge 
from the brown puparia in June 
and July. Fig. 123. side view of pineapple gall 




1086 



Walter H. Wellhouse 



All of the flies reared on hawthorns are equal in size to those reared on 
apple, not small like those reared on the blueberry. Counts were made 

of the infested and the 
uninfested fruits from 
a square yard beneath 
each of ten trees of the 
three species first men- 
tioned in the preced- 
ing paragraph. The 
counts showed that 
from 20 to 25 per cent 
of the samples taken 
were infested by the 
Fig. 124. cross section through a pineapple gall maggots. 




Hymenoptera 
Tenthredinidae 

cerasi Linn., Caliroa (Pear and cherry slug) 

The sluglike larvae of Caliroa cerasi were in a few localities so abundant 
that they defoliated a few native hawthorns and injured a number of 
others. In August, 1918, several trees on the Cornell University campus 
were completely defoliated, while neighboring trees were untouched by 
the larvae. 

Sawfly No. 1 

On June 23, 1918, a leaf of Crataegus pruinosa was found with a row of 
fourteen eggs inserted in the margin. The eggs hatched on June 28, 
and a row of little green larvae, with large, black heads and many black 
clots scattered over the body, began to feed gregariously on the edge of 
the leaf. All of them died within a few days. 

Sawfly No 2 

On May 24, 1918, several medium-sized sawfly larvae, bright green all 
over, were seen eating separately on the edges of Crataegus punctata 
leaves. 

Sawfly No. 3 

Sawfly larvae, with red heads and yellow bodies marked with black 
lines and dots, were found feeding on the leaves of Crataegus punctata 
in late August, 1918. They were feeding two or three together on a leaf, 
and fifteen larvae were taken from one tree. When they became about 
2 centimeters long, on September 1 and 2, they spun brown cocoons on 
the ground among debris. A tree with ten larvae of the same species 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1087 

feeding on it was found on September 19, 1919, and these larvae spun 
cocoons on the ground on September 22 and 23. 

Sawfly No. 4 

A few larvae 2| centimeters long, with black heads and yellow bodies 
marked with black lines and dots, were found feeding on the foliage of 
C. pruinosa in July and August, 1918. They spun brown cocoons on top 
of the ground, in the cages. 



1088 Walter H. Wellhouse 



LITERATURE CITED 

Baker, A. C. The woolly apple aphis. U. S. Agr. Dept. Rept. 101 : 
1-55. 1915. 

Chambers, V. T. [Blastodacna curvilineella] G.t curvilineella. N. sp. 
In Micro-Lepidoptera. Canad. ent. 4 : 172-173. 1872. 

[Blastodacna curvilineella] G. bicristatella. N. sp. In Tineina 



from Canada. Canad. ent. 7:210. 1875. 

Cushman, R. A. The native food-plants of the apple red-bugs. Ent. 
Soc. Washington. Proc. 18:196. 1916. 

Dietz, William G. A. nebulosus Lee. In Revision of the genera and 
species of Anthonomini inhabiting North America. Amer. Ent. Soc. 
Trans. 18:203-204. 1891. 

Felt, Ephraim Porter. Wild thorn. In Insects affecting park and 
woodland trees. New York State Mus. Memoir 8 2 : 734-735. 1906. 

Gibson, Edmund H.' Corythucha bellula new species. In The genus 
Corythucha Stal. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:93-94. 1918. 

Hodgkiss, H. E. Ceresa taurina Fitch. In The apple and pear membra- 
cids. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. bul. 17: 100-105. 1910. 

Kaltenbach, J. H. Die Pflanzenfeinde aus der Klasse der Insekten, 
p. 1-848. (Reference on p. 207-213.) 1872. 

Knuth, Paul. Crataegus L. In Handbook of flower pollination, 2:385- 
388. (Translated by J. R. Ainsworth Davis.) 1908. 

LeConte, John L. A. nebulosus, n. sp. In The Rhynchophora of 
America, north of Mexico. Amer. Philosoph. Soc. Proc. 15:197. 1876. 

Morrill, Austin W. Notes on the immature stages of some tingitids 
of the genus Corythuca. Psyche 10:127-134. 1903. 

Packard, Alpheus S. Insects affecting the wild thorn. In Fifth 
report of the United States Entomological Commission on insects 
injurious to forest and shade trees, p. 532-537. 1890. 

Pierce, W. Dwight. The insect enemies of the cotton boll weevil. 
U. S. Ent. Bur. Bul. 100: 1-99. 1912. 



The Insect Fauna of the Genus Crataegus 1089 

Theobald, Fred V. The app'e blossom weevil. In The insect and other 
allied pests of orchard, bush, and hothouse fruits, and their prevention 
and treatment, p. 104-110. 1909. 

Wellhouse, Walter H. Xanthoma villosula Melsh. injuring forest 
trees. Journ. econ. ent. 12:396-397. 1919. 



Memoir 52, Studies in Pollen, with Special Reference to Longevity, the fourth preceding number in this 
series of publications, was mailed on March 9, 1922. 



1090 ACARINA 



CATALOG OF INSECTS INJURIOUS TO CRATAEGUS 3 

ACARINA 

armatus Can., Ep'etrimerus Earn. Phyllocoptidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
Injury — Forms galls on leaves. 
Distributio i — Europe. 

References — ■ Houard, C. Les zoocecides des plantes d'Europe, 1:515. 1908. 
Theobald, F. V. Board Agr. London. Journ. 20:106-116: 1913. 

calycobius Nal., Eriophyes Fain. Eriophyidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Deforms leaf buds and causes them to remain closed. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Ross, H. Die Pflanzengallen Mittel- und Nordeuropas, p. 132. 1911. 

crataegi Can., Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Forms galls on leaves, on both upper and lower surfaces. A single leaf may 

have a hundred galls on it. 
Distribution — Europe. 
. Reference — Connold, E. T. British vegetable galls, p. 132. 1902. 

crataegi-vermiculus Walsh, Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae 

Hosts — Crataegus tomentosa, C. crus-galli. 

Injury — Forms curled leaf galls on upper side of leaf. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Walsh, B. D. Ent, Soc. Philadelphia. Proc. 6:227. 1866. 

goniothorax Nal., Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae 

Synonyms — Erineum oxyacanthae Am., Erineum clandestinum Grev. 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Forms galls on edges of lobes of leaf, causing them to curl downward and 

become thickened. 
Distribution — Europe. 
References ■ — ■ Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872. 

Connold, E. T. British vegetable galls, p. 138. 1902. 

pilosus Can., Tetranychus Fam. Tetranychidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus. 

Injury — ■ Feeds on leaves, causing them to turn brownis\ 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

Reference — Caesar, L. Can. ent. 47:57. 1915. 

pyracanthae Link., Eriophyes Fam. Eriophyidae 

Hosts — Crataegus punctata, C. pyracantha. 

Injury — Makes galls on leaves. Galls almost flat, reddish, covered with many fine, 

capitate hairs. 
Distribution — North America. 
Reference — Chadwick, G. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 124:131. 1908. 

pyri Pagst., Eriophyes (Pear leaf blister mite) Fam. Eriophyidae 

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus, Cydonia, Sorbus, Amelanchier. 
Injury — Makes yellowish or reddish blisters on leaves. 

? The insects are grouped according to order, and arranged alphabetically by species within the order 



A carina — Orthoptera — Odonata — Hemiptera 1091 

Distribution — Europe, North America, Australia. 

References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. E. Manual of fruit insects, p. 227. 

1914. 
Wilson, H. F. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bien. crop pest and hort. rept. 

2:123. 1915. 

telarius Linn., Tetranychus (Red spider) Fam. Tetranychidae 

(See page 1051.) 

Eriophyes sp. (Hawthorn serpentine gall of Jarvis) Fam. Eriophyidae 

Host — ■ Crataegus. 

Injury ■ — Makes long, irregular, wavy galls on upper surface of leaves. 
Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Jarvis, T. D. Ent. Soc. Ont. Rept. 37:60. 1906. 
(Figs. 102 and 103, pages 1052 and 1053.) 

Orthoptera 

atlanis Riley, Melanoplus Fam. Acridiidae 

(See page 1054.) 

bivitaltus Say, Melanoplus Fam. Acridiidae 

(See page 1054.) 

femur-rubrum De Geer, Melanoplus Fam. Acridiidae 

(See page 1054.) 

niveus De Geer, Oecanthus (Snowy tree cricket) Fam. Gryllidae 

Hosts — ■ Malus, Rubus, Salix, Crataegus, Ulmus, Quercus, and other species. 

Injury — Female slits bark to deposit eggs. Slits give entrance to cankers and cause 

scars on branches. 
Distribution — North America, Cuba. 

Reference — Parrott, P. J., and Fulton, B. B. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. 
Bui. 388. 1914. 

Odonata 

viridis v. d. Lind., Lesles ' Fam. Agrionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha and other species. 

Injury — Oviposition punctures in twigs cause galls to form. 

Distribution — Europe. 

References — Pierre, P. F. M. Rev. sci. Bourbonnais 15: 181. 1902. 

Houard, C. Les zoocecides des plantes d'Europe, 1:514. 1908. 

Hemiptera 

aceris Sign., Phenacoccus Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — - Crataegus oxyacantha and many other woody plants. 

Injury — Sucks sap from tender bark of young shoots and calloused wounds. Some- 
times seriously injures grape. 
Distribution — Europe. 
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 214. 1912. 

Carpenter, G. H. Roy. Dublin Soc. Econ. proc. 2:142-160. 1914. 

ambiguus Fall., Psallus Fam. Miridae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Malus, Akietis. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Reuter, O. M. Hemiptera gymnocerata Europae 1 : 105. 1878. 
Leonardi, G. Gli insetti 4:98. 1901. 



1092 Hemiptera 

bakeri Cowen, Aphis (Clover aphid) Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, clover. 
Injury — Sucks juice from opening buds of fruit trees. 
Distribution — North America. 
.References — Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul. 
804:15. 1917. 
Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 270:49. 1918. 

bellula Gibson, Corythucha Fam. Tingitidae 

Hosts — Crataegus neofluvialis, C. punctata, C. albicans, Alnus incana, Ribes oxyacan- 

thoides. 
Injury — Bot'i young and adult bugs suck juice from leaves, causing them to turn brown 

and drop off. 
Distribution — Northeastern United States, Canada. 
References — Gibson, E. H. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:93. 1918. 
Wellhouse, W. H. Journ. econ. ent. 12:441. 1919. 
(Plates LXXII and LXXIII, pages 1057 and 1059.) 

betulae Bar., Epidiaspis (European pear scale) ». .Fam. Coccidae 

Synonyms — Epidiaspis leperi Sign., E. piricola De Geer, Diaspis piri Colv. 

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species. 

Injury — Very injurious to young twigs and branches of apple and pear in southern 

Europe, where the bark becomes incrusted. 
Distribution — South and middle Europe, United States. 
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912. 

Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 172. 1915. 

bituberculatum Targ., Lecanium Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus, Pyrus. 

Injury — Sucks sap from bark, sometimes killing young trees. 

Distribution— Europe, North America. 

References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:695. 1913. 

Dietz, H. F., and Morrison, H. Indiana State Ent. Ann. rept. 8 : 254. 
1916. 

brevis Sand., Aphis (Long-beaked clover aphid) Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Cydonia, Pyrus, clovers, sweet pea. 

Injury — Curls and turns purplish the terminal leaves of Crataegus jjhoots during June. 

Distribution — United States. 

Reference — Patch, E. M. Journ. agr. res. 3:431. 1915. 

brunnea Gibson, Corythucha Fam. Tingitidae 

Host — ■ Crataegus. 

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage. 

Distribution — Southern United States. 

Reference — Gibson, E. H. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:93. 1918. 

bubalis Fabr., Ceresa (Buffalo tree hopper) Fam. Membracidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, and other species. 

Injury — Adult makes incisions in branches for oviposition. Incisions are slow to 

heal and allow entrance of 'borers and fungi. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 535. 1890. 

Hodgkiss, H. E. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Tech. bul. 17:92. 
1910. 

clitellarius Say, Thamnotettix Fam. Cicadellidae 

(Seepage 1061.) 



Hemiptera 1093 

coccinea Forst., Graphocephala Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1061.) 

communis Knight, Lygus Fam. Miridae 

(See page 1054.) 

corni Bouch6, Lecanium (European fruit lecanium) Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — ■ Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, and other species. 

Injury — May suck so much sap from branches as to kill them, but commoner injury is 
due to growth of sooty fungus over sticky sscretion which the insects drop on foliage, 
fruit, and branches. 
Distribution — ■ Europe, North America. 
References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3 : 695. 1913. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 261. 
1914. 

corrugatans Sir., Pemphigus (Woolly thorn aphis) Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Amelanchier, Pyrus, Cydonia. 

Injury — Distorts leaves into a rolled curl. 

Distribution — North America. 

References -- Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 233. 1914. 

Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul. 
804:19. 1917. 

coryli Linn., Lecanium Fam. Coccidae 

Synonyms — Eulecanium pyri Schr., Lecanium capreae Linn. 
Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Pyrus, and other species. 
Injury — Sucks sap from baric, not commonly injurious. 
Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 175. 1909. 
Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 216. 1912. 

costalis Flor., Psylla Fam. Psyllidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Quercus. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Refere ce — Harrison, J. W. H. Naturalist (London), no. 707, p. 400. 1915. 

crataegarium Walk., Macrosiphum Fam. Aphididae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Distribution — Enlgand. 

References — Walker, F. Ann. mag. nat. hist. 6:46. 1850. 

Theobald, F. V. Journ. econ. biol. 8: 142. 1913. 

crataegi Kalt., Aphis Fam. Aphididae 

Synonyms — Aphis pyri Boyer, A. crataegi Koch, A. ranunculi Kalt. 
Hosts — - Crataegus oxyacantha, C. azarolus, Malus, Ranunculus. 
Injury — Curls, discolors, and blisters leaves on terminal shoots. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Dobrovliansky, V. V. Biology of aphids of tree and bush fruits (Kiev). 
1913. 
Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 174. 1915. 
Theobald, F. V. Entomologist 48:259. 1915. - 

crataegi Fitch, Glossonotus (Hawthorn tree hopper) Fam. Membracidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Cydonia. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Fitch, A. Third annual report on noxious insects of New York, p. 334. 
1856. 
Funkhouser, W. D. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 11:248. 1917. 



1094 Hemiptera 

crataegi VanD., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae 

Host — - Crataegus. 

Injury — ■ Adults and young suck juice from foliage. 

Distribution — ■ North America. 

Reference — Van Duzee, E. P. Can. ent. 22 : 110. 1890. 

crataegi Monell, Macrosiphum Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — ■ Crataegus punctati, C. coccinea, C. oxyacantha. 

Injury — Sucks juice from lower side of leaves and from tender twigs. Leaves curl 

downward and in severe infestations trees may be defoliated. 
Distribution — North America. 
Reference — Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 233:255. 1914. 

(Fig. 108, page 1063.) 

crataegi Tullgr., Prociphilus Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus. 

Injury — Curls and discolors leaves and sometimes injures blossoms. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 450. 1915. 

crataegi Schr., Psylla Fam. Psyllidae 

Synonym — Chermes quercus Thorns. 

Hosts — Cratiegus oxyacantha, Quercus sp. 

Injury — Causes small red blisters to form on upper side of leaves. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 13. 1913. 

crataegi Dgl., Typhlocyba Fam. Cicadellidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, apple (?). 

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from foliage, but commonly they are not 

numerous enough to cause much injury. 
Distribution — Europe. 
References — Douglas, J. W. Ent. mo. mag. 12:203. 1876. 

Melichar, L. Cicadinen von Mittel-Europe, p. 348. 1896. 

crataegiella Theobald, Aphis Fam. Aphididae 

Synonym — Aphis crataegi Buck. 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Curls and discolors leaves of terminal shoots, which turn reddish brown. 

Distribution — - Europe. 

References — Buckton, G. B. Monograph of British aphides, 2:35. 1879. 

Theobald, F. V. List of Aphididae of Hastings District, p. 9. 1912. 

crataegifoliae Fitch, Aphis Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — - Crataegus punctata, C. coccinea, C. oxyacantha, C. tomentosa, Cydonia, legumes. 
Injury — Curls and discolors leaves and young shoots, turning them purplish. 
Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul. 
804:18. 1917. 

crataegus-coccinea Rafin., Aphis Fam. Aphididae 

Host — Crataegus coccinea. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Rafinesque, C. S. Amer. mo. mag. and crit. rev. 3 : 16. 1818. 
Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 270:48. 1918. 

curiisii Fb., Euscelis Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1161.) 



Hemiptera 1095 

cydoniae Fitch, Corythucha Fam. Tingitidae 

Synonyms — - Corythucha arcuata Comst., C. crataegi 0. & D. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Cydonia. 

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from leaves, causing them to turn brown. 

Distribution — North America. 

References — Fitch, A. Country gent. 17:25. 1861. 

Comstock, J. H. U. S. Ent. Rept. 1879:221. 1879. 

Gibson, E. H. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 44:87. 1918. 

dearnessi King, Phenacoccus Fam. Coccidae 

Synonym — Phenacoccus betheli Ckll. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Amelanchier. 
Distribution — Canada, United States. 

Reference — Ferris, G. F. Contribution to knowledge of Coccidae of southwestern 
United States, p. 68. 1919. 

dislocatus Say, Horcias Fam. Miridae 

(See page 1054.) 

dumelorum Schiff., Physatocheila Fam. Tingitidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Pyrus communis, Prunus padus, P. spinosa. 

Distribution — ■ Europe, Egypt. 

References — - Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872. 

Saunders, E. Hemiptera of British Islands, p. 135. 1892. 

edentula Buck., Aphis Fam. Aphididae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Buckton, G. B. Monograph of British aphides, 2:39. 1879. 

fitchi VanD., Idiocerus (Black apple leaf hopper) Fam. Cicadellidae 

Synonym — Idiocerus maculipennis Fitch. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus. 

Injury — Adults and young suck juice from foliage. Not commonly injurious. 

Distribution — North America. 

References — Van Duzee, E. P. Catalog of Hemiptera, p. 580. 1916. 

Brittain, W. H., and Saunders, L. G. Can. ent. 49: 149. 1917. 

flavicephala Goding, Ophiderma Fam. Membracidae 

(See page 1063.) 

furfura Fitch, Chionaspis (Scurfy scale) Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — About 25 tree species, including Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Sorbus. 
Injury — Occasionally incrusts bark of trees and greatly weakens or kills them. 
Distribution — ■ North America. 

References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 176. 
1914. 
Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 158. 1915. 

hederat, Vail., Aspidiotus Fam. Coccidae 

Synonym — ■ Aspidiotus nerii Bouche\ 

Hosts — Many woody and herbaceous plants, including Crataegus azarolus. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia, North Africa (on Crataegus in Algeria), North America. 
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pfianzenkrankheiten 3:6S9. 1913. 

lachrymalis Fb., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1061.) 



1096 Hemiptera 

lanigera Hausm., Eriosoma (Woolly aphis) Fam. Aphididae 

Synonyms — Eriosoma crataegi Oest., Schizoneura americana Riley. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Ulmus americana. 

Injury — Sucks sap from tender shoots, branches, and roots, often stunting growth. 
Distribution — North America, Europe, Africa, Australia, South America. 
References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 141. 1909. 
Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept. Rept. 101. 1915. 
Becker, G. G. Journ. econ. ent. 11:245. -1918. 
(Fig. 109, page 1064.) 

lineatus Linn., Philaenus Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1061.) 

mali LeB., Empoasca (Apple leaf hopper) Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1061.) 

mali Schmid., Psijlla Fam. Psyllidae 

Synonym — Psylla crataegicola Forst. 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus, Quercus, Ulmus, Corylus. 

Injury — Nymphs suck juice from foliage and blossoms, and prevent setting of fruit. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Nova Scotia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 153. 1909. 

Brittain, W. H. Journ. econ. ent. 15:96. 1922. 

malinus Reuter, Heterocordylus (Dark apple redbug) Fam. Miridae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus. 

Injury — Nymphs and adults puncture leaves and fruit to suck juice. Cause dimples 

in fruit, which deform it. 
Distribution — Northeastern United States, Canada. 

References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 28. 
1914. 
Cushman, R. A. Ent. Soc. Washington. Proc. 18:196. 1916. 

marutae Oest., Aphis Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Anthemis cotula. 

Distribution — ■ North America. 

References — Oestlund, O. W. Aphididae of Minnesota, p. 40. 1886. 

Hunter, 1901, p. 101. {Cited by Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 
270:49. 1918.) 

melanoneura Forst., Psylla : Fam. Psyllidae 

Synonym — Psylla crataegi Forst. 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Quercus, and other species. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — ■ Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 20. 1913. 

Harrison, J. W. H. Naturalist (London), no. 707, p. 400. 1915. 

mendax Reuter, Lygidea (Bright apple redbug) Fam. Miridae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Nymphs and adults puncture leaves and fruit to suck juice, and cause dimples 

in fruit. 
Distribution — Northeastern United States, Canada. 

References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 28. 
1914. 
Cushman, R. A. Ent. Soc. Washington. Proc. 18:196. 1916. 

mespili v.d.G., Ovalus Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Mespilus germanica. 



Hemiptera 1097 

Injury — Sucks sap from tender shoots and leaves. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — ■ Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 136. 1915. 

nigrofasciatum Perg., Lecanium (Terrapin scale) Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Acer, Malus, Crataegus, Tilia, Platanus, and other species. 
Injury — Sucks sap from bark and secretes much sticky liquid, which covers surface of 
branches, foliage, and fruit and on which a sooty fungus grows, thus rendering fruit 
unsalable. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — Felt, E.P. New York State Mus. Memoir 8 1 : 201. 1995. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 293. 
1914. 

obliqua Say, Erythroneura Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1061.) 

oleae Colvee, Parlatoria Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus germanica. 

Injury — May incrust the bark, and sometimes the leaves and the fruit, of trees of the 

genera Citrus, Pyrus, and Olea especially. 
Distribution — Mediterranean region. 
References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3 : 694. 1913. 

olivaceus Fabr., Deraeocoris Fam. Miridae 

Synonym — Capsus medius Kirschb. 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Prunus, Corylus. 

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage. 

Distribution — ■ Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 213. 1872. 

Reuter, 0. M. Hemiptera gymnocerata Europae 5 : 30. 1896. 

ornatus VanD., Orthotylus . Fam. Miridae 

(See page 1055.) 

ostreiformis Curt., Aspidiotus (European fruit-tree scale) Fam. Coccidae 

Synonym — Aspidiotus oxyacanthae Sign. 

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Crataegus, and many other woody plants. 
Injury — May completely incrust the bark and kill the tree. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, North America. 
References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 386. 1909. 
Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 213. 1912. 

ostryae Knight, Lygus Fam. Miridae 

(See page 1055.) 

oxyacanthae Schr., Myzus Fam. Aphididae 

Synonym — Aphis oxyacanthae Koch. 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Pyrus, Malus, Prunus. 

Injury — Sucks juice from leaves, causing yellow or red swellings on them and making 

them curl. 
Distribution — Europe. 
References — Koch, C. L. Pflanzenlause, p. 55. 1857. 

Ross, H. Die Pflanzengallen Mattel- und Nordeuropas, p. 132. 1911. 

padi Linn., Rhopalosiphum Fam. Aphididae 

Synonyms — Aphis avenae Fabr., Aphis padi Kalt. 

Hosts — Prunus padus, Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, grasses. 



1098 Hemiptera 

Injury — Sucks juice from opening buds of fruit trees in early spring. 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Leonardi, G. Gli insetti 4: 228. 1901. 

Baker, A. C. Journ. agr. res. 18:311. 1919. 

pallidus Fb., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1062.) 

pellucida Uhl., Diaphnidia Fam. Miridae 

(See page 1055.) 

peregrina Forst., Psylla Fam. PsijUidae 

Synonym — Psylla crataegicola Flor. 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Carpinus betulus. 

Injury — Sucks juice from young shoots and foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

Reference — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 22. 1913. 

perniciosus Comst., Aspidiotus (San Josfj scale) Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus and other Malaceae. 
Injury — May incrust bark and kill trees in favorable weather. 
Distribution — Asia, North America, South America, Australia. Hawaii. 
References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:690. 1913. 
Glenn, P. A. State Ent. Illinois. Rept. 28:87. 1915. 

piri Licht., Aspidiotus Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Prunus. 

Injury — May incrust branches and thus weaken or kill them. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 214. 1912. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:690. 1913. 

pomi De Geer, Aphis (Green apple aphis) Fam. Aphididae 

Synonyms — Aphis maii Fabr., A. oxyacanthae Schr. 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, grasses. 

Injury — Sucks sap, causing leaves to curl, but no discoloration appears. 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 202. 1872. 

Matheson, R. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 24:686. 1919. 

pratensis Linn., Lygus Fam. Miridae 

(See page 1055.) 

provancheri VanD., Idiocerus Fam. Cicadellidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia. 

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from foliage. 

Distribution — North America. 

References — -Leonard, M. D. Journ. econ. ent. 8:415. 1915. 

Van Duzee, E. P. Catalog of Hemiptera, p. 580. 1916. 

pruinosum Coq., Lecanium (Frosted scale) Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus. 

Injury — Principal injury from smutty fungus growing on honeydew secreted by insects 

on fruit and foliage. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — Sanders, J. G. Journ. econ. ent. 2:442. 1909. 

Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 149. 1915. 

prunifoliae Fitch, Rhopalosiphum (Apple bud aphis) Fam. Aphididae 

Synonyms — Aphis avenae (of American authors), Aphis fitchii Sand. 



Hemiptera 1099 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Prunus, many grasses. 
Injury — Sucks juice from opening buds of trees in spring. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Quaintance, A. L. U. S. Ent, Bur. Circ. 81. 1907. 
Baker, A. C. Journ. agr. res. 18:311. 1919. 

pumilus Uhl., Cerctocapsus Fam. Miridae 

Synonym — ■ Melinna pumila Uhl. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix. 

Injury — Adult sucks sap from foliage. 

Distribution — ■ Eastern United States. 

Reference — Uhler, P. R. Ent. Amer. 3:69* 1887. 

pyri Fitch, Prociphilus (Pear root aphis) Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Pyrus, Crataegus, Malus. 
Injury — Sucks sap from roots. 
Distribution — Eastern North America. 

References — Quaintance, A. L., and Baker, A. C. U. S. Agr. Dept, Farmers' bul. 
804:19. 1917. 
Wilson, H. F., and Vickery, R. A. Wisconsin Acad. Sci., Arts, and 
Letters. Trans. 19:140. 1918. 

querci Fitch, Empoa Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1052.) 

rosae Linn., Empoa (Rose leaf hopper) Fam. Cicadellidae 

Hosts — Rosa, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Cydonia, and other species. 

Injury — Nymphs and adults suck juice from lower leaves of trees, causing yellowing of 

foliage and in some cases defoliation. 
Distribution — Europe, North America. 
Reference — Ackerman, A. J. U. S. Agr. Dept, Bul. 805:20. 1919. 

rumicis Linn., Aphis Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Many herbs and woody plants, including Crataegus oxyacantha and pear. 

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage in spring and fall. 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Borner. Nat. Ver. Bremen. Abhandl. 23 : 152. 1914. 

Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 220. 1915. 

rusci Linn., Ceroplastes Fam. Coccidae 

Hosts — Many plants, including Crataegus. 

Injury — Sucks juice from bark, leaves, and fruit, 

Distribution — Mediterranean region. 

References — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 214. 1912. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3 : 695. 1913. 

saliceti Forst., Psylla Fam. Psyllidae 

Hosts — Salix, Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan. 

Reference — Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 26. 1913. 

seminudus Say, Eutettix Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1062.) 

sorbi Kalt,, Aphis (Rosy apple aphis) Fam. Aphididae 

Synonym — Aphis malifoliae Fitch. 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Plantago. 

Injury — Cur.s leaves and deforms fruit. 



1109 Hemiptera — Thysanoptera — Coleoptera 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 177. 1915. 

Matheson, R. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Memoir 24:718. 1919. 

suturalis Fb., Idiocerus Earn. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1062.) 

taurina Fitch, Ceresa Fam. Membracidae 

(See page 1063.) 

ulmi Linn., Lepidosaphes (Oyster-shell scale) ■ Fam. Coccidae 

Synonym — ■ Mytilaspis pomorum Bouche\ 

Hosts — • Many woody plants, including Crataegus. 

Injury — Sucks juice from bark and foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, North America, South America, Hawaii. 

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 170. 1909. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:692. 1913. 

ulmi Geof., Tetraneura Fam. Aphididae 

Hosts — Ulmus, Crataegus oxyacantha, many grasses. 

Injury — Sucks juice from leaves, causing galls to form on upper surface. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Van der Goot, P. Hollandischen Blattlause, p. 484. 1915. 
Patch, E. M. Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 270:49. 1918. 

univittatus Knight, Lygus Fam. Miridae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Adults suck juice and puncture fruit and tender foliage. 

Distribution — Northeastern United States. 

Reference — Knight, H. H. Brooklyn Ent, Soc. Bui. 14:21. 1919. 

urticae Linn., Trioza Fam. Psyllidae 

Hosts — Urtica, Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Sucks juice from foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — : Aulmann, G. Psyllidarum catalogus, p. 56. 1913. 

Harrison, J. W. H. Naturalist (London), no. 707, p. 400.' 1915. 

vanduzei Gill., Eupteryx Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1062.) 

vitis Linn., Pulvinaria (Cottony scale) Fam. Coccidae 

Synonyms — Pidvinaria betulae Linn., P. innumerabilis Rath., P. oxyacanthae Linn. 
Hosts — Many woody plants, including Crataegus. 
Injury — Sucks sap from bark and tender shoots. 
Distribution — Europe, America, Africa, Asia Minor. 
Reference — Lindinger, L. Die Schildlause, p. 215. 1912. 

vulga7'is Fb., Lamenia Fam. Cicadellidae 

(See page 1063.) 

Thysanoptera 

tritici Fitch, Eulhrips Fam. Thrypidae 

(See page 1066.) 

Coleoptera 

aeneovirens Marsh, Rhynchiles, var. punclatus Oliv Fam. Curcxdionidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 181. 1883. 



COLEOPTERA 1101 

aenescens Lee, Magdalis (Bronze apple weevil) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Alalus, Crataegus, Prunus. 

Injury — Larva tunnels under bark, sometimes killing tree. Adults feed on leaves. 

Distribution — Northwestern United States, Canada. 

References — Chittenden, F. H. U. S. Ent, Bur. Bui. 22:37. 1900. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 199. 
1914. 

ae quatus Linn., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Sorbus. 
Injury — Beetles puncture fruit buds and leaves in feeding. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 181. 1S72. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 181. 1883. 

aerosus Melsh., Brachys Fam. Buprestidae 

(See page 1066.) 

albida Lee, Syneta Fam. Chrysomelidae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Crataegus, Prunus, Corvlus, and other species. 
Injury — Beetles feed on flowers and foliage, sometimes defoliating young trees. 
Distribution — ■ Western United States. 

References — Wilson, H. F., and Moznette, G. F. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bien. crop 
pest and hort. rept. 2:96. 1915. 

alpina Linn., Rosalia Fam. Cerambycidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Fagus sp. 

Injury — Larva tunnels under bark, girdling branches, and then enters solid wood. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — ■ Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872. 
Holeczek, A. Ent. Nachr. 13:308. 1887. 

auratus Scop., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae 

Synonym — Rhynchites bacchus Oliv. 
Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Prunus spinosa, Malus. 
Injury — Beetles cut off petioles of leaves, and larvae feed in fruit. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 153. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 183. 1883. 

bacchus Linn., Rhynchites (Purple apple weevil) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae feed in fruit, much like codling moth. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 121. 1909. 

barbicornis Lat., Magdalis (Apple stem piercer) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae tunnel under bark, causing discolored, sunken areas. 
Distribution — Europe, United States (New York and Massachusetts), imported recently. 
References — Henschel, G. A. O. Die schadlichen forst- und obstbaum Insekten, p. 94. 
1895. 
Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America, 

p. 257. 1916. 
Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917. 

bipunctatus Linn., Cryplocephalus Fam. Chrysomelidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Salix, Betula. 



1102 COLEOPTERA 

Injury — Beetles eat holes in foliage. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 901. 1858. 
Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872. 

borealis Shev., Dibolia ' Fam. Chrysomelidae 

(See page 1067.) 

calva Lee, Limnobaris Fam. Curculionidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

Reference — Hamilton, J. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:377. 1895. 

Candida Fabr., Saperda (Round-headed apple-tree borer) Fam. Cerambycidae 

Synonym — ■ Saperda bivittata Say. 

Hosts — Cydonia, Malus, Sorbus, Amelanchier, Pyrus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae tunnel under bark of trunk and into sapwood. Not commonly 

injurious to Crataegus. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — Glover, T. Manuscript notes from my journal, p. 87. 1877. 

Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 74:28. 1904. 
Becker, G. G. Arkansas Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 146:5. 1918. 

carinata Germ., Haltica .• Fam. Chrysomelidae 

(See page 1067.) 

caudatus Rossi, Otiorrhynchus Fam. Curculionidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
• Distribution — Europe. 

References — Marseul, M. S. A. Monographic des Otiorhynchides, p. 127. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 63. 1883. 

cerasi Linn., Magdalis Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Prunus cerasus, P. padus, Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva burrows under bark. 

Distribution — Europe. 

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 758. 1858. 

Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 195. 1883. 

Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917. 

coeruleocephalus Schel., Rhynchites '. -. Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Betula, Quercus. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 589. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 187. 1883. 

colaspidoides Gyll., Diphucephala Fam. Scarabaeidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Beetles appear in swarms, like locusts, and defoliate trees and shrubs. 

Distribution — Australia. 

References — Insect life 3 : 425. 1890. 

French, C. Destructive insects of Victoria, 2:27. 1893. 

convergeus Lee, Xylotrechus Fam. Cerambycidae 

Host — Crataegus sp. 

Injury — Larva tunnels in branches. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — LeConte, J. L. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 8 : xxiv. 1880. 



COLEOPTERA 1103 

crataegi Walsh, Conotrachelus (Quince curculio) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus spp., Cydonia. 

Injury — Larvae feed within fruit, partially destroying it. 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

References — Riley, C. V. Third Missouri rept, p. 35. 1871. 

Slingerland, M. V. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 148. 1898. 

crataegi Germ., Otiorrhynchus Fam. Curculionidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Marseul, M. S. A. Monographie des Otiorhynchides, p. 287. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 63. 1883. 

crataegi Walsh, Pseudanthonomus (Apple weevil) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Kalmia latifolia. 

Injury — Larvae burrow in fruit, beetles puncture fruit and foliage. 

Distribution — Eastern United States, Canada. 

References — Brooks, F. E. West Virginia Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 126. 1910. 

Blatchlev, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America, 
p. 318. 1916. 

cretata Newm., Saperda (Spotted apple-tree borer) Fam. Cerambycidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier. 

Injury — Larvae kill branches by girdling and tunneling in sapwood. 

Distribution — Eastern North America. 

References — Osborn, H. Iowa State Hort. Soc. Trans. 15:11. 1880. 

Hamilton, J. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 22:369. 1895. 

Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 74:50. 1904. 

cucumeris Harris, Epitrix Fam. Chrysomelidae 

(See page 1067.) 

decipiens Lee, Anthonomus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, cotton (?); beetles in abundance beaten from Crataegus sp. by Dr. 

Hamilton. 
Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America, 
p. 316. 1916. 

dorsalis Thunb., Chalepus Fam. Chrysomelidae 

Hosts — Robinia, Malus, Quercus, Crataegus, Rubus, and other species. 

Injury — Beetles eat foliage. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Houser, J. S. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 332:231. 1918. 

dubitans Lee, Limonius Fam. Elateridae 

(See page 1066.) 

elongata Fabr., Dichelonycha Fam. Scarabaeidae 

(See page 1066.) 

fayi Bland, Saperda (Thorn limb borer) Fam. Cerambycidae 

Hosts — Crataegus crus-galli, C. toiyientosa. 

Injury — ■ Larvae burrow in smaller branches, killing them and producing gall-like swell- 
ings which weaken the branches so that they break in winds. 
Distribution — Eastern North America. 
Reference — Felt, E. P., and Joutel, L. H. New York State Mus. Bui. 74:62. 1904. 

femorata Fabr., Chrysobothris (Flat-headed apple-tree borer) Fam. Buprestidae 

Hosts — Many trees, including Crataegus, but especially Quercus, Malus, Prunus. 



1104 COLEOPTERA 

Injury — Larvae burrow in sapwood of weakened trees. 

Distribution — ■ North America. 

Reference — Brooks, F. E. U. S. Agr. Dept. Farmers' bul. 1065:5. 1919. 

•flavicornis Boh. Schn., Anihonomus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Solanum, dogwood, and other species. 
Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America, 
p. 298. 1916. 

flavicornis Clairv., Ramphus Fam. Curculionidae 

Synonym — Ramphus oxyacanthae Marsh. 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus oxyacantha, Betula, Salix, Prunus, Populus. 
Injury — Larvae mine in leaves. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Heyden, C. von. Berlin, ent. Zeit. 6:63. 1862. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 251. 1883. 

foliacea Lee., Haltica (Apple flea beetle) Fam. Chrysomelidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Beetles and larvae eat many small holes in foliage. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Murtfeldt, M. E. Insect life 1 : 74. 1888. 

giganteus Krinick., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
Distribution — ■ Europe, Asia. 

References — ■ Desbrochers, L. Monographie des Rhinomaceridae, p. 345. 1869. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 180, 188. 1883. 

helxines Linn., Crepidodera Fam. Chrysomelidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Malus, Pyrus, Ulmus, Populus. 

Injury — Beetles eat many small holes in leaves. 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 1214. 1910. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 205. 
1914. 

icosandriae Scop., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae 

Synonym — Rhynchites conicus 111. 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus. 
Injury — Beetles cut off tender twigs. Serious pest in nurseries. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — ■ Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154, 207. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 188. 1883. 

impressifrons Gyll., Polydrusus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Salix, Populus, Crataegus, Quercus, Malus, Pyrus, Corylus, and other species. 
Injury — Beetles eat buds, leaves, and tender twigs in May and June. 
Distribution — ■ Europe, New York (imported about 1906). 

References — Parrott, P. J., and Glasgow, H. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. 
Tech. bul. 56:7. 1916. 
Pierce, W. D. Journ. econ. ent. 9:424. 1916. 

maculicornis Germ., Phyllobius (Green leaf weevil) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Quercus, Crataegus, Acer. 

Injury — Beetle eats into opening buds, and later eats holes in leaves. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

Reference — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 119. 1909. 



CoLEOPTERA 1105 

marginalia 111., Systena Fam. Chrysomelidae 

(See page 1067.) 

metasternalis Cr., Tymnes Fam. Chrysomelidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 344. 1909. 

mixtus Lee, Anthonomopsis Fam. Cnrculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus. 
Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Blatchlev, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhvnchophora of north eastern America, 
p. 286. 1916. 

multipunctata Say, Calligrapha Fam. Chrysomelidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Blatchley, W. S. Coleoptera of Indiana, p. 1158. 1910. 

naso Lee, Conotrachelus Fam. CurcuUonidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus virginiana. 

Injury — Larva feeds in fruit. 

Distribution — North America. 

References — Hamilton, J. Can. ent. 21 :34. 1889. 

Pierce, W. D. Nebraska State Bd. Agr. Ann. rept. 1906-07:275. 1907. 

nebulosus Lee, Anthonomus (Hawthorn blossom weevil) Fam. CurcuUonidae 

(See page 1068.) 

nenuphar Hbst., Conotrachelus (Plum curculio) Fam. CurcuUonidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Pyrus, Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae feed in fruit, and beetles deform fruits by their feeding punctures. 
Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains. 

Reference — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 243. 
1914. 

nitidipennis Boh., Magdalis Fam. CurcuUonidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Populus, Salix. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 759. 1858. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 196. 1883. 

oblongus Linn., Phyllobius Fam. CurcuUonidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Populus, Corylus, and other species. 
Injury — Beetles eat into opening buds, and later eat leaves. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 
Reference — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 79. 1883. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 119. 1909. 

olivaceus Gyll., Rhynchites Fam. CurcuUonidae 

Synonym — Rhynchites comatus Dej. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Prunus. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154, 207. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 190. 1883. 

pauxillus Germ., Rhynchites Fam. CurcuUonidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus. 
Injury — Beetles cut off twigs. 
Distribution — Europe. 



1106 COLEOPTERA 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 118. 1909. 

politus Say, Agrilus Fam. Buprestidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Quercus, Corylus. 

Injury — Larva tunnels under bark, causing gall-like swellings on twigs of Crataegus 

and girdling twigs of oak with a spiral tunnel. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 295. 1909. 

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 135. 1918. 

pomonae Fabr., Apion Fam. Curculionidie 

Hosts — Vicia, Crataegus. 

Distribution — Europe. 

References — Curtis, J. Farm insects, p. 487. 1860. 

Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 165. 1883. 

pomorum Linn., Anthonomus (Apple blossom weevil) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva feeds within closed fruit bud, destroying it. Often a very serious 
pest of apple in Europe. Whitehead records shaking 1530 adults from a single tree 
in two days. 
Distribution — Europe, one specimen recorded from Ohio taken among A. nebulosus. 
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872. 

Dietz, Wm. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 18:204. 1891. 

Whitehead, C. Report on injurious insects in Great Britain, p. 44. 

1892. 
Henschel, G. A. O. Die schadlichen forst- und obstbaum Insekten, p. 571. 

1895. 
Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 97. 1912. 

posticatus Boh. Schn., Conotrachelus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Carya. 

Injury — Larva feeds in fruit. 

Distribution — North America. 

References — Hamilton, J. Can. ent. 21:34. 1889. 

Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America, 
p. 477. 1916. 

profundus Lee, Anthonomus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus. 
Injury — Larva feeds in fruit. 
Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Blatchley, W. S., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America, 
p. 290. 1916. 

pruni Ratz., Eccoptogaster Fam. Ipidac 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Ulmus. 

Injury — Larva girdlei weakened trees by mining in cambium layer. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154. 1872. 

Wahl, C. von. Borkenkafer an den Obstbaumen und ihre Bekamfung. 
Augustenberg Flugblatt, no. 3, p. 4. 1914. 

pruni Linn., Magdalis Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Rosa, and other species. 
Injury — Larva tunnels under bark of branches, 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 



COLEOPTERA 1107 

References — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 196. 1883. 

Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917. 

pterygomalis Boh., Polydrusus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Primus, Salix, Betula, Corylus, Fagus. 

Injury — Beetles feed on foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

Reference — Pierce, W. D. Journ. econ. ent, 9:431. 19 6. 

pubescens Melsh. , Agriotes Fam. Elateridae 

(See page 1066.) 

pubescens Fabr., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae 

Synonym — Rhynchites cyanicolor Schr. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Alnus, Quercus. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 207. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 191. 1883. 

quadrigibbus Say, Tachypterus (Apple curculio) Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, Pyrus. 

Injury — Larva feeds in fruit, beetles puncture fruit and young twigs. 

Distribution — Eastern North America. 

References — Brooks, F. E. West Virginia Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 126. 1910. 

Mitchell, J. B., and Pierce, W. D. Ent. Soc. Washington. Proc. 13:53. 
1911. 

q uercata Fabr., Anthaxia Fam. Buprestidac 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pinus strobus, Cercis, and other species. 
Injury — Larva bores in dead or dying branches. 
Distribution — North America. 
Reference — Knull, Josef N. Ent. news 31:6. 1920. 

rufus 01., Orchestes ; . .' Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Ulmus, Quercus, Salix, Crataegus, Prunus. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 217. 1883. 

rugulosus Ratz., Eccoptogaster (Fruit-tree bark beetle) Fam. Ipidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Cydonia, Malus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Amelanchier. 

Injury — Larva and adult mine in cambium layer of weak trees, frequently killing them. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, North America. 

References — Gossard, H. A. Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 140. 1913. 

Wahl, C. von. Borkenkafer an den Obstbaumen und ihre Bekamfung. 

Augustenberg Flugblatt, no. 3, p. 4. • 1914. 
Swaine, J. M. Can. Agr. Dept. Bui. 14:52. 1918. 

scheppardi Kirby, Choragus Fam. Anlhribidae 

Synonym — Alticopus galeazii Vill. 
Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
Injury — Larva burrows in dying twigs. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Redtenbacher, L. Fauna Austriaca. Die Kafer, p. 674. 1858. 
Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 

sericeus Schal., Polydrusus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Malus, Fagus, Salix, Quercus, Alnus, and other 

species. 
Injury — Beetles feed on buds and foliage. 



1108 COLEOPTERA — LEPIDOPTERA 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, recently imported into United States (Indiana). 
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 179. 1872. 

Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 59. 1883. 

Pierce, W. D. Journ. eccn. ent, 9:428. 1916. 

sericeus Hbst., Rhynchites Fam. Curculionidae 

Synonym — Rhynchites ophthalmicus Steph. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Corylus, Quercus, Betula. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 154, 207. 1872. 
Bargagli, P. Rincofori Europei, p. 191. 1883. 

sinuahis Oliv., Agrilus (Sinuate pear borer) Fam. Buprestidae 

Hosts — Pyrus communis, Crataegus, Sorbus. 
Injury — Larva tunnels in sapwood, making a zigzag mine. 
Distribution — Europe, Ncrth America. 

References — Smith, J. B. New Jersey Agr. Exp. Sta. Ann. rept. 15:550. 1894. 
Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:487. 1913. 

subspinosus Fabr., Macrodactylus (Rose chafer) Fam. Scarabaeidae 

Hosts — Vitis, Malus, Pyrus, Rcsa, Crataegus, and ether species. 

Injury — Beetles feed on foliage, flowers, and fruit, and are sometimes very injurious. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Hartzell, F. Z. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 331 : 534. 1910. 
Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 397. 
1914. 

testacea Kirby, Dichelouycha Fam. Scarabaeidae 

(See page 1067.) 

tomentosus Fabr., Byturus (Raspberry beetle) Fam. Dermestidae 

Hosts — Rubus, Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus. 
Injury — Beetles feed on flowers and foliage. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten 3:472. 1913. 
Bot. joufn. London 5:73. 1917. 

lubulatus Say, Idiostethus Fam. Curculionidae 

Hosts — Orchids, Crataegus. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Pierce, W. D. Nebraska State Bd. Agr. Ann. rept. 1906-07:284. 1907. 
Blatchley, W. P., and Leng, C. W. Rhynchophora of north eastern America, 
p. 404. 1916. 

villosula Melsh., Xanthoma Fam. Chrysomelidae 

(See page 1067.) 

vittaticollis Rand., Agrilus Fam. Buprestidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus virginiana, Amelanchier. 

Injury' — Beetles feed on foliage. 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

Reference — Blanchard, F. Amer. ent. 5 : 32. 1889. 

Melanotus sp .• Fam. Elateridae 

(See page 1066.) 

LEPIDOPTERA 

abbotti Swains, Sphecodina Fam. Sphingidae 

Hosts — Vitis, Ampelopsis, Crataegus tomentosa. 
Injury — Larvae feed on foliage. 



Lepidoptera 1109 

Distribution — Eastern North America. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890. 

Beutenmueller, William. Hawk moths of the vicinity of New York City, 
p. 12. 1903. 

achatana Fabr., Olethreutes Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus. 

Injury — Larvae roll leaves and eat them. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 81. 1909. 

advenella Zk., Rhodophaei Fam. Pyralidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus. 
Injury — Larvae tie leaves and eat them. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:216. 1910. 

aescularia Schiff., Anisopteryx (March moth) Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Tilia, Ulmus, Acer, and other 

species. 
Injury — Larvae feed on foliage, sometimes defoliating trees. 
Distribution — Europe. 
Reference — -Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 61. 1909. 

americana Harris, Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

(See page 1073.) 

americana Harris, Epicnaptera Fam. Lasiocampidae 

(See page 1075.) 

americana Fabr., Malacosoma (Apple tent caterpillar) Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Malus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Rosa, Amelanchier, Quercus, Salix, and 

other species. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, living within a silken tent. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — Felt. E. P. New York State Mus. Memoir 8 2 :550. 1906. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 112. 
1914. 

anatipennella Hub., Coleophora Fam. Elachistidae 

Synonym — Coleophora tiliella Zell. 

Hosts — ■ Crataegus, Quercus, Tilia, Corylus, Prunus spinosa. 
Injury — Larva eats patches of green tissue from leaf. 
Distribution ; — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:400. 1910. 

anglicella Stt., Ornix Fam. Gracilariidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Fragaria. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, one record in Massachusetts. 

References — Stainton, H. T. Natural history of the Tineina, 8:292. 1864. 

Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 171. 1872. 

Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 : 294. 1907. 

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:410. 1910. 

angustiorana Haw., Capua Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Laurus, Smilax, Pyrus, and other species. 



1110 Lepidoptera 

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 
Distribution — Southern Europe, northern Africa, Asia Minor. 
Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:246. 1910. 

antiqua Linn., Notolophus (Vaporer moth) Fam. Lymantriidae 

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Rosa, Crataegus, Ulmus, Tilia, and other species. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia, North America. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 38. 1909. 

argyrospila Walk., Archips (Fruit-tree leaf roller) Fam. Tortricidae 

(See page 1077.) 

arthemis Dru., Basilarchia Fam. Nymphalidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Tilia, Populus. 

Injury — Larvae eat leaves, except midrib, beginning at apex. 
Distribution — Eastern United States. 

References — French, G. H. Butterflies of the eastern United States, p. 208. 1886. 
Edwards, H. U. S. Nat, Mus. Bui. 35:27. 1889. 

astyanax Fabr., Basilarchia Fam. Nymphalidae 

Hosts — Salix, Prunus, Malus, Tilia, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats leaf on both sides of midrib, beginning at apex. 
Distribution — Eastern and southern United States. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 535. 1890. 
Holland, W. J. Butterfly book, p. 184. 1898. 

aterrima Wck., Nepticula. Fam. Nepticulidae 

Host ■ — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Germany. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:480. 1910. 

atricollis Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Hosts — Malus malus, Prunus spinosa, Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:479. 1910. 

aurantiaria Esp., Hibernia Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Betula, Populus, Rosa, Quercus, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats leaves. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209, 218. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:98. 1910. 

bajaria Schiff., Hibernia Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Prunus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Ligustrum, Syringa. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 166. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:98. 1910. 

betulae Zell., LithocolLtis Fam. Gracilariidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Betula. 
Injury — Larva mines in upper side of leaf. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 198. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:419. 1910. 



Lepidoptera 1111 

betularia Linn., Amphidasis (Pepper-and-salt moth) Fam. Geometrid le 

Hosts — Malus, Primus, Crataegus, Quercus, Ulmus, Populus, Betula. 

Injury — Larvae defoliate trees in late summer. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan. 

Reference — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 64. 1909. 

bidentata Clerck., Gonodontis (Scalloped hazel moth) Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Corylus, Betula, Prunus, Crataegus, Pyrus, Quercus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan. 

Reference — Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 138. 1912. 

biscutana Wck., Epiblema ' Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Betula, Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva ties together terminal clusters of leaves and feeds within. 

Distribution — Norway, Finland. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:283. 1910. 

blandula Hulst., Catocala Fam. Noctuidae 

Host — Crataegus. 
Injury — Larvae feed on foliage. 
Distribution — Eastern United States, Canada. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Coram, p. 533. 1890. 
Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 476. 1909. 

brumata Linn., Cheimatobia (Winter moth) Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Fruit and forest trees (except conifers) and shrubs. 

Injury — Larvae defoliate trees and may attack flowers or fruit. 

Distribution — ■ Europe, Asia, Greenland. 

References — Ormerod, E. A. Manual of injurious insects, p. 338, 360. 1890. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 50. 1909. 

Med. Phytopath. Dienst. Wageningen, no. 3. 1916. 

ctlanus Hub., Strymon (Banded hair-streak) Fam. Lycaenidae 

Synonym — Thecla falacer Godart. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Hicoria. 

Injury — Larva eat? holes in leaves. 

Distribution — United States and Canada. 

References — Scudder, S. Butterflies of New England, 2:885. 1889. 

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept, U. S. Ent, Coram., p. 536. 1890. 

caryae Harris, Halisidota (Hickory tussock moth) Fam. Arctiidie 

Hosts — Hicoria, Juglans, Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus, and other species. 

Injury — Larvae eat foliage. 

Distribution — United States east of Rocky Mountains. 

Reference — Soule, Caroline G. Psyche 6:15S. 189i. 

catax Linn., Eriogaster Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Populus, Betula. 

Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, which they cover with silken tents. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 117. 1908. 

cecropia Linn., Platysamia Fam. Salurniidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Salix, Acer, Syringa, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats leaves. 

Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890. 
Dickerson, Mary C. Moths and butterflies, p. 157. 1901. 



1112 Lepidoptera 

cerisolella Pey., Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus torminalis. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf on under side. 

Distribution — Southern France. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:415. 1910. 

chionosema Zell., Olethreutes Fam. Tortricidae 

(See page 1077.) 

chrysorrhea Linn., Euproctis (Brown-tail moth) Fam. Lymantriidae 

Hosts — Crataegus and most other deciduous trees. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate trees. ' 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, New England States. 
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 132. 1908. 

clerkella Linn., Lyonetia Fam. Lyonetiidae 

Hosts — Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Sorbus, Betula. 

Injury — Larva makes serpentine mine in leaf. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 422. 1910. 

coeruleocephala Linn., Liloba (Figure-8 moth) Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage, SDmetimes defoliating hawthorn hedges. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 35. 1909. 

cognataria Guen., L cia Fam. Geometridae 

(See page 1076.) 

cognatellus Hub., Yponomeuta (Hedge ermine moth) Fam. Yponomeutidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Euonymus. 
Injury — Larva eats leaves, sometimes stripping hedges. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 444. 1910. 
Noel, P. Jardinage 4:363. 1914. 

concinna A. and S., Schizura (Red-humped apple caterpillar) Fam. Notodohtidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus, and other species. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in a colony. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — • Saunders, William. Can. ent. 13:139. 1 81. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 125. 1914. 

concomitella Bnks., Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidae 

Synonym — Lithocolletis pomifoliella Zell. 
Hosts — Malus, Crataegus. 
Injury — ■ Larva mines in leaf. 
Distribution — - Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 198. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:415. 1910. 

congelatella Clerck., Exapate Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus, Prunus, Pyrus, Rubus, Berberis, Ligustrum, and other 

species. 
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 
Distribution — Europe. 



Lepidoptera 1113 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpas, 2:254. 1910. 

contaminana Hub., Acalla Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus, Malus, Quercus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpas, 2:245. 1910. 

corylifoliella Haw., Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Malus, Sorbus. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:417. 1910. 

crataegana Hub., Cacoecia Fam. Tortricidae 

Synonym — Penthina robrana Schiff. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Betula, Populus, Malus, Cotoneaster, and other species. 
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:247. 1910. 

crataegella Clem., Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus serotina. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — North America. 

References — Braun, A. F. Amer. Ent, Soc. Trans. 34:301. 1908. 

Wilson, H. F. Oregon Agr. Exp. Sta. Bien. crop pest and hort. rept. 
2:119. 1915. 

crataegella Linn., Scythropia Fam. Yponomeutidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacintha, Prunus spinosa, Pyrus. 

Injury — Larva spins a tent over the branch and eats the leaves within it. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 169. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:443. 1910. 

crataegi Linn., Aporia (Fruit-tree pierid) Fam. Pieridae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Malus, Prunus, Sorbus, Salix, Quercus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage, often stripping trees. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Bechstein, J. M., and. Scharfenberg, G. L. Naturgeschichte der schad- 
lichen Forstinsekten, p. 303. 1805. 
Sasscer, E. R. Journ. econ. ent. 1 1 : 126. 1918. 

crataegi Zell., Bucculatrix Fam. Lyonetiidar 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf and later feeds externally on leaf. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — ■ Stainton, H. T. Natural history of the Tineina, 7 : 68. 1862. 

crataegi Saund., Catocala Fam. Nocluidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Eastern North America. 

References' — Saunders, William. Can. ent. 8:72. 1876. . 

Packard, A. S. Fifth rapt. U. S. Ent. Coram., p. 532. 1890. 



1114 . Lepidopteka 

crataegi Linn., Trichiura Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Corylus, Betula, Salix, Alnus. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 114. 1908. 

crataegifoliella Clem., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Host — Crataegus unifiora. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

Reference — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept, U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 534. 1890. 

crataegifoliella Clem., Ornix Fam. Gracilariidae 

Host — Crataegus tomentosa. 
Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 
Distribution — Eastern United States. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 534. 1890. 
Dietz, W. G. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 33 : 292. 1907. 

cuculla Esp., Lophopteryx Fam. Notodontidae 

Synonym — Notodontz cucullina Hub. 

Hosts — Acer campestre, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 

cucullatella Linn., Nola Fam. Nolidae 

Synonym — Hercyna palliolalis Hub. 
Hosts — Prunus, Malus, Crataegus. 
Injury — ■ Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 122. 1910. 

curvilineella Chamb., Blastodacna (Hawthorn fruit miner) Fam. Cosmopterygidae 

(See page 1080.) 

dactylina Grote, Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

(See page 1073.) 

defoliaria Linn., Hibernia (Mottled umber moth) Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Betula, Corylus, Quercus, Crataegus, Pyrus, and other species. 

Injury — Larvae defoliate trees. 

Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 163. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 58. 1909. 

dispar Linn., Lymantria (Gipsy moth) Fam. Lymantriidae 

Hosts — Species a very general feeder on trees. Crataegus a favored food plant. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate trees. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia, New England States. 
References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 131. 1908. 
Mosher, F. H. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bui. 250. 1915. 

disstria Hiib., Malacosomi (Forest tent caterpillar) Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Acer, Quercus, Crataegus, Malus, and other species. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in colonies. 
Distribution — ■ North America. 



Lepidoptera 1115 

References — Insect life 3:47S. 1890. 
Insect life 4:75. 1891. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 119. 
1014. 

dubitata Linn., Triphosa Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Rhamnus. 
Injury — Larva webs leaves together and feeds on them. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pfianzenfeinde, p. 166. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:36. 1910. 

ephemeraeformis Haw., Thyridopteryx (Common bagworm) Fam. Psychidae 

Hosts — Species a very general feeder on trees and shrubs, including Crataegus. 

Injury — ■ Larva defoliates trees. 

Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains. 

Reference — ■ Beutenmueller, William. Ent. Amer. 3: 157. 1887. 

ephippella Fabr., Argyresthia Fam. Yponomeutidae 

Synonym — Argyresthia pruniella Linn. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus, Corylus. 
Injury — Larva eats leaf and blossom buds. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pfianzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 447. 1910. 

euphorbias Fabr., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Species a general feeder on trees, including Crataegus. 
Injury — Larya feeds on foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pfianzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 139. 1908. 

fabriciana Linn., Simaethis Fam. Glyphipterygidac 

Synonyms — Tinea oxyacanthella Linn., Crambus oxyacanthae Fabr. 
Hosts — Urtica, Parietaria, Symphytum, Crataegus. 
Injury — Larva feeds in leaf roll. 
Distribution — ■ Europe. 

References — Bechstein, J. M., and Scharfenberg, G. L. Naturgeschichte der schad- 
lichen Forstinsekten, p. 805. 1805. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:297. 1910. 

fasciellus Hub., Holcophora Fam. Gelechiidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:354. 1910. 

fletcherella Fern., Coleophora (Cigar case-bearer) Fam. Elachistidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Pyrus, Cydonia. 

Injury — Larva eats holes into leaf and makes a small blotch mine around each hole. 

Distribution — North America. 

References — Hammar, A. G. II. S. Ent. Bur. Bui. 80:33. 1909. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 47. 1914. 

fulminea Scop., Catocala Fam. Noctuidae 

Synonym — Catocala paranympha Linn. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 



1116 Lepidoptera 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 317. 1908. 

geminatella Pack., Ornix (Unspotted tentiform leaf miner of apple) Fam. Gracilariidae 

Synonym — • Lithocolletis prunivorella Chamb. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

Reference — Haseman, L. Journ. agr. res. 6 : 289. 1916. 

glaucatus Schiff., Cilex : Fam. Drepanidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus. 
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asi Q . 

References Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 187 . 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 107. 1908. 

gothica Linn., Tacniocampa Fam. Noctuida^ 

Hosts — Crataegus, Tilia, Quercus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva feeds on f oliage . 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 239. 1908. 

gratiosella Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:476. 1910. 

grotiana T., Dichelia Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Ulmus, Rubus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva ties leaves and feeds on them. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:246. 1910. 

hellerella Dup., Blastodacna Fam. Cosmopterygidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus. 

Injury — Larva tunnels in fruit of Crataegus and in fruit spurs and buds of apple. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 92. 1T09. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Eurcpas, 2:387. 1910. 

hemerobiella Scop., Coleophora Fam. Elachislidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus. 

Injury — Larva eats star-shaped area from under side of leaf. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 400. 1910. 

heparana Schiff., Pandemia Fam. r ortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Sorbus, Malus, Alnus, Betula, Fagus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva rolls leaf and feeds within the roll. 

Distribution — • Europe, Japan. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:249. 1910. 

holmiana Linn., Acalla Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Rosa, Prunus, Malus, Pyrus, Quercus. 



Lepidoptera 1117 

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:244. 1910. 

ignobilella Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbaeh, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872. 
Spaler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:477. 1910. 

incerta Hufn., Taeniocampa Fam. Nociuidae 

Synonym — Taenioc mpa instabilis Hub. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Salix, Prunus, Quercus, Malus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats leaves, and sometimes eats holes in apple fruit. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, South America. 

References — Kaltenbaeh, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 66. 1909. 

indigenella Zell., Mineola (Leaf crumpler) Fam. Pyralidae 

Synonyms — - Acrobasis nebulella Riley, Phycita nebulo Walsh. 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Hicoria pecan, and other species. 

Injury — Larva feeds on leaves, living in a case composed of leaf particles and silk. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Riley, C. V. Fourth Missouri report, p. 42. 1872. 

integerrima G. and R., Datana (Black-walnut caterpillar) Fam. Notodontidae 

Hosts — Juglans, Hicoria, Malus, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in a coloDy. 
Distribution — Eastern United States. 
Reference — Packard, A. S. Nat. Acad. Sci. Memoir 1: 120., 1895. 

inusitatumetla Chamb., Ornix Fam. Gracilariidae 

Host - Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva mines in upper surface of leaf. 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

References — Chambers, V. T. Can. ent. 5 : 48. 1873. 

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Coram, p. 536. 1890. 

io Fabr., Automeris Fam. Salurniidae 

(See page 1073.) 

janthinana Dup., Grapholitha Fam. Tortricidae 

Synonym — Tortrix incisani Schiff. 
Host — ■ Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva tunnels in fruit, then in twigs. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — ■ Kaltenbaeh, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:294. 1910. 

lacustrata Guen., Mesoleuca Fam. Geomelridae 

Hosts — Rubus, Betula, Crataegus, Salix. 
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Northeastern North America, Europe. 

References — Packard, A. S. A monograph of the geometrid moths of the United States, 
p. 158. 1876. 
Smith, J. B. Insects of New Jersey, p. 497. 1909. 

lanestris Linn., Eriogaster Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Betula, Tilia, Salix. 



1118 Lepidoptera 

Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding gregariously in a white tent of silk. 
Distribution — Europe. Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 117. 1908. 

leucatella Clerck., Recurvaria Fam. Gelechiidac 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus. 
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:356. 1910. 

leucophaearia Schlff ., Hibernia Earn. Geometridae 

Hosts — Quercus, Crataegus, Prunus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 98. 1910. 

leucostigma A. and S., Hemerocampa (White-marked tussock caterpillar) . .Fam. Lymantriidae 
(See page 1075.) 

limbata Haw., Nematocampa Fam. Geometridae 

Synonym — Nematocampa filamentaria Guen. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Fragaria. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distributio?i — North America. 

References — Packard, A. S. A monograph of the geometrid moths of the United States, 
p. 471. 1876. 
Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm, p. 536. 1890. 

parops Bdv. and Lee, Strymon (Striped hair-streak) Fam. Lycaenidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Prunus, Amelanchier, Salix, Quercus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats entire leaf and sometimes bores into fruit. 

Distribution — United States, Canada. 

References — Scudder, S. Butterflies of New England, 2 : 877. 1889. 

Packard, A. S.. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Cbmm., p. 536. 1890. 

ludifica Linn., Trichosea Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Sorbus, Crataegus, Malus. 

Injury — Larva eats leaves. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 135. 1908. 

lunaria Schiff., Selenia Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats leaves. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

Reference — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 165. 1872. 

lutarea Haw., Swammerdamia Fam. Yponomeutidae 

Synonym — Swammerdamia oxyacanthella Dup. 
Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus. 

Injury — Larva eats parenchymous tissue of leaves, which it ties together. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210, 782. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:445. 1910. 



Lepidoptera 1119 

luteicoma G. and R., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

(See page 1073.) 

luteolata Linn., Opisthograptis Fam. Geometridae 

Synonym — Rumia crataegata Linn. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, northern Africa. 

Reference — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 165. 1872. 

maynarius Guen., Ennomos Fam. Geometridae 

(See page 1076.) 

malifoliella Clem.., Tischeria (Apple trumpet leaf-miner) Fam. Gracilariidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva mines in upper side of leaf, widening the n ine gradually as it grows. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept, U. S. Ent, Comm., p. 536. 1890. 
Quaintance, A. L. U. S. Ent. Bur. Bui. 68:23. 1908. 

malimalifoliella Braun, Lithocolletis (Spotted tentiform leaf miner of apple) .Fam. Gracilariidae 
Hosts — Malus, Cydonia, Crataegus mollis. 
Injury — Larva mines in under side of leaf. 
Distribution — Eastern United States. 
Reference — Braun, A. F. Amer. Ent. Sec. Trans. 34:300. 1908. 

malivorella Riley, Coleophora (Pistol case-bearer) Fam. Elachistidae 

(See page 1079.) 

manteo Doub., Heterocampa Fam. Notodontidae 

(See page 1074.) 

marginaria Borckh., Hibernia Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Betula, Quercus, Tilia, Populus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:99. 1910. 

Pierce, W. D. Manual of dangerous insects, p. 132. 1917. 

melinus Hub., Strymon (Common hair-streak) Fam. Lycaenidae 

Hosts — Hops, beans, Crataegus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats leaves and sometimes bores into fruit. 

Distribution — North America, Central America. 

References — Scudder, S. Butterflies of New England, 2:850. 18S9. 

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept, IT. S. Ent, Comm., p. 535. 1890. 
Crosby, C. R., and Leonard, M. D. Manual of vegetable garden 
insects, p. 84. 1918. 

minislra Dru., Datana (Yellow-necked apple caterpillar) Fam, Notodontidae 

(See page 1075.) 

myopiforme Bkh., Trochilium Fain. Sesiidae 

Hosts — Malus malus, Pyrus communis, Prunus domestica, Crataegus. 
Injury — Larva tunnels under bark of unhealthy trees. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 
Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:310. 1910. 

myops A. and S., Paonias _ Fam. Sphingidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Salix, Corylus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats leaves. 



1120 Lepidoptera 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

Reference — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Coram., p. 525, 536. 1890. 

naevana Hub., Rhopobota Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Malus, Rhamnus, Sorbus, Ilex, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats leaves of new shoots and ties them together. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas,* 2: 273. 1910. 

nanella Hub., Recurvaria (Lesser apple bud moth) Fam. Gelechiidac 

Synonyrn — ■ Recurvaria crataegella Busck. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus. 

Injury — Larvae destroy opening buds, and mine in leaves in late summer. 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Scott, E. W., and Paine, J. H. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bui. 113. 1914. 

Sanders, G. E., and Dustan, A. G. Canada Agr. Dept., Ent. Branch. 
Bui. 16:33. 1919. 

neustria Linn., Malacosoma (Lackey moth) Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Populus, Betula, Quercus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats leaves, frequently defoliating fruit trees, and builds silken ten; 

over colony. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1:115. 1908. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 30. 1909. 

nitidella Fabr., Argyresthia (Cherry fruit moth) Fam. Yponomeutidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva destroys young shoots of hawthorn, and bores into cherry fruit. 

Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 192. 1909. 

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:447. 1910. 

7iitidella Hein., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Southwestern Germany. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:474. 1910. 

nubeculana Clem., Ancylis Fam. Tortricidae 

(See page 1077.) 

nubilana Hub., Cnephasia Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Malus, Betula. 
Injury — Larva feeds between leaves tied together with silk. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 253. 1910. 

occidentalis G. and R., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

(See page 1074.) 

ocellana Fabr., Tmetocera (Bud moth) Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus, Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia, Prunus, Rubus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva destroys buds in early spring, and later ties the leaves together and feeds 

on them. 
Distribution — Europe, North America. 



Lepidoptera 1121 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 192. 1872. 

Slingerland. M. V. Cornell Univ. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 107. 1896. 
Theobald. F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 82. 1909. 

oleagina Fabr., Valeria Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage at night. 

Distribution — Southern Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1:185. 1908. 

oreasclla Clem., Argyresthia Fain. Yponomeutidae 

(See page 1078.) 

oxyacanthae Frey, Lithocolletis Fam. Gracilariidac 

Host — Crataegus oxyacaniha. 
Injury — Larva mines in under side of leaf. 
Distribution — Europe. 
• References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 415. 1910. 

oxyacanthae Linn., Miselia Fam. Noctuidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage at night. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — Bechstein, J. M., and Scharfenberg, G. L. Naturgeschichte der schad- 
lichen Forstinsekten, p. 504. 1805. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 204. 1908. 

oxyacantheUa Stt., Nepticula Fam. Ncpticulidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha. Mains ?nalus, Sorbus. 
Injury — Larva mines in leaf on upper side. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 199. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:474. 1910. 

padellus Linn., Yponomeuta (Hawthorn ermine moth) Fam. Yponomeutidae 

Synonym — Hyponomeuta padella Linn. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Vitis. 

Injury — Larvae mine in leaves while young, then skeletonize leaves while living 

colonially in tents. 
Distribution — Europe, North America (recently imported). 
References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 86. 1909. 
Parrott, P. J. Journ. econ. ent. 1 1 :55. 1918. 

pariana Clerck., Simaethis Fam. Glyphipterygidac 

Hosts — Malus, Sorbus, Crataegus, Betula, Prunus. 
Injury — Larva makes a slight web over the leaf, then' skeletonizes it. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, North America (recently imported). 
References — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 297. 1910. 

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 202:33. 1917. 

pedaria Fabr., Phigalia ' Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Pyrus, Quercus, Betula, Prunus, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 164. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2: 100. 1910. 



1 122 Lepidoptera 

podalirius Linn., Papilio Fam. Papilionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Sorbus, Primus, Amygdalus. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — Southern and central Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1:2. 1908. 

polygama Guen., Catocala Fam. Noctuidae 

Host — ■ Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Eastern North America. 

References — Saunders, William. Can. ent. 8:72. 1876. 

Edwards, H. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 35:97. 1889. 

polyphemus Cram., Telea Fam. Saturniidae 

Hosts — Quercus, Ulmus, Juglans, Hicoria, Tilia, Betula, Rosa, Crataegus, and others. 
Injury — ■ Larva feeds on foliage. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Coram, p. 536. 1890. 
Dickerson, Mary C. Moths and butterflies, p. 169. 1901. 

pometeria Peck, Alsophila (Fall cankervvorm) Fam. Geometridae 

(See page 1076.) 

pomifoliella Clem., Bucculatrix (Ribbed-cocoon-maker of apple) Fam. Lyonetiidae 

(See page 1079.) 

pomonella Linn., Cydia (Codling moth) Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Cydonia; occasionally Crataegus, Rosa, Prunus, Juglans regia. 

Injury — ■ Larva bores in fruit. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, North America, Africa, Australia. 

References — Bruner, L. Nebraska State Hort. Soc. Rept. 1894:216. 1894. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 10. 
1914. 

populi Linn., Poecilocampa Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Populus, Tilia, Quercus, Ulmus, Betula, Salix, Crataegus, Malus, and other 

species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 34. 1909. 

porrinata Zell., Nemoria Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Corylus, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats leaves. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:4. 1910. 

praefica Grote, Prodenia (Yellow-striped army worm) Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — ■ Medicago sativa, Vitis, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Pacific coast of the United States. 

References — Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 401. 1915. 
Crosby, C. R., and Leonard, M. D. Manual of vegetable garden insects, 
p. 295. 1918, 



Lepidoptera 1123 

prunetorum Stt., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Hosts — Primus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — ■ Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:476. 1910. 

pruniana Hub., Argyroploce Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Sorbus, Rosa, Salix, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds on them. 

Distribution — ■ Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:265. 1910. 

prunivora Walsh, Laspeyresia (Lesser apple worm) Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus. 

Injury — Larva bores in fruit. 

Distribution — North America east of Rocky Mountains. 

Reference — Quaintance, A. L. U. S. Ent. Bur. Bui. 68:49. 1908. 

psi Linn., Acronycta (Dagger moth) Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — ■ Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Salix, Rosa, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 41. 1909. 

pudibunda Linn., Dasychira (Red-tail moth) Fam. Lymantriidae 

Hosts — Species a general feeder on fruit and forest trees. Crataegus a favored food 

plant. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 
References — ■ Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 129. 1908. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3:384. 1913. 

purpuralis Linn., Pyrausta Fam. Pyralidae 

Hosts — Mentha, Nepeta, Plantago, Crataegus. 
Injury — Larva feeds on leaves spun together with silk. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:236. 1910. 

pygmaeella Haw., Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Hosts — Crataegus oxyacantha, Malus malus. 
Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — - Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 199. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:473. 1910. 

pyramidea Linn., Amphipyra Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Crataegus and many other trees. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia, East Indies. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 238. 1908. 

pyramidoides Guen., Amphipyra Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Crataegus and many other trees. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 171, 536. 1890. 



1124 Lepidoptera 

pyri Harris, Aegeria (Pear borer) Fam. Sesiidae 

Synonym — Sesia pyri Boisd. 

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus, Amelanchier, Prunus. 

Injury — Larva burrows in bark and sapwood. 

Distribution — Eastern United States. 

Reference — Brooks, F. E. U. S. Agr. Dept. Bui. 887. 1920. 

pyrina Linn., Zeuzera (Leopard moth) ■ Fam. Cossidae 

Synonym — Zeuzera aesculi Linn. 

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Fraxinus, Populus, Betula, Ulmus, and other 

species. 
Injury — Larva mines in solid healthy wood of branches. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan, North America. 

References — Lintner, A. J. Ninth report on injurious insects of New York, p. 426. 
1893. 
Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 46. 1909. 

quadrifasciana Fern., Eulia Fam. Tortricidae 

(See page 1078.) 

quercifolia Linn., Gastropacha (Lappet moth) Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Prunus, Crataegus, Quercus, and other species. 
Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, especially of nursery trees, in spring. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 

Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 122. 1908. 

Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 137. 1912. 

quercus Linn., Lasiocampa Fam. Lasiocampidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Quercus, Betula, Salix, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 118. 1908. 

quernaria A. and S., Nacophora Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Quercus, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Eastern North America. 

References — Packard, A. S. A monograph of the geometrid moths of the United States, 
p. 411. 1876. 
Edwards, H. U. S. Nat. Mus. Bui. 35:106. 1889. 

radcliffei Harv., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

(See page 1074.) 

regiella H. S., Nepticula. .' Fam. Nepticulidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 
Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:475. 1910. 

rhediella Clerck., Pamene Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Prunus, Cornus. 
Injury — Larva feeds in fruit of Crataegus and also eats leaves. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 80. 1909. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:296. 1910. 



Lepidoptera 1125 

ribeana Hub., Pandemia , Fam. Tortricidac 

Hosts — Crataegus, Rosa, Prunus, Malus, Pyrus, Quercus, Sorbus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva ties several leaves together and feeds within. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia, Japan, East Indies. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:249. 1910. 

rosaceana Harris, Cacoecia (Oblique-banded leaf roller) Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus. 

Injury — Larvae tie leaves together and feed on them. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 441. 1915. 
Sanders, G. E., and Dustan, A. G. Canada Agr. Dept., Ent. Branch. 
Bui. 16:30. 1919. 

rosana Linn., Cacoecia '. Fam. Tortricidac 

Synonym — • Tortrix laeuigana Schiff. 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, and other species. 

Injury — Larvae tie leaves together and feed on them. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor, North America. 

References — Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. SO. 1909. 

Sorauer, P. Handbuch der Pflanzenkrankheiten, 3: 299. 1913. 

scintillans Braun, Nepticula Fam. Nepticulidae 

Host — Crataegus mollis. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Ohio. 

Reference — Braun, A. F. Amer. Ent. Soc. Trans. 43 : 167. 1917. 

scitella Zell., Cemiostoma (Pear leaf blister moth) Fam. Lyonetiidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Sorbus. 

Injury — ■ Larva mines in leaf. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — ■ Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 197. 1872. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 330. 1909. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:223. 1910. 

scitula Harris, Sesia Fam. Sesiidae 

(See page 1076.) 

selenana Guen., Ancylis Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Pyrus, Malus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva ties leaves together and feeds within. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:270. 1910. 

signatana Dgl., Steganoptycha Fam. Tortricidae 

Synonym — Grapholitha kroesmanniana Hein. 
Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva eats young terminal leaves after tying them with silk. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2 : 276. 1910. 

similis Fuessl., Porthesia (Gold-tail moth) Fam. Lymantriidae 

Synonym — Liparis auriflua Hub. 

Hosts — Crataegus and most other fruit and non-coniferous forest trees. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — Europe. 



1126 Lepidoptera 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 133. 1908. 

sphinx Hufn., Brachionycha Fam. Noctuidae 

Synonym — Asteroscopus cassinia S. V. 

Hosts — ■ Quercus, Populus, Malus, Primus, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 203. 1908. 

spiniana Dup., Pamene Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Alnus. 

Injury ■ — Larva feeds in blossom, destroying it. 

Distribution — Europe, northern Africa. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:295. 1910. 

splendoriferella Clem., Coptodisca (Resplendent shield-bearer) Fam. Elachistidae 

Hosts — Malus, Crataegus, Prunus serotina, Pyrus, Cydonia. 

Injury — Larva mines in leaf and cuts out a small piece of the leaf for its case. 

Distribution — Northeastern United States. 

References — Packard, A. S. Fifth rept, U. S. Fnt, Ccmm., p. 536. 1890. 

Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 75. 
1914. 

spurcella H. S., Gelechia Fam. Gelechiidae 

Hosts — Prunus spinosa, Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva rolls leaves. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

Reference — -Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:361. 1910. 

steinkelneriana Schiff., Epigraphia Fam. Gelechiidae 

Hosts — ■ Crataegus, Sorbus, Prunus spinosa, Fraxinus. 
Injury — Larva ties leaves together and eats them. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:332. 1910. 

stimulea Clem., Sibine (Saddle-back caterpillar) Fam. Limacodidae 

Hosts — Species a general feeder on fruit and forest trees, including Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution ■ — Eastern North America. 

References — Beutenmiiller, William. Ent. Amer. 4:75. 1888. 

Dyar, H. G., and Morton, E. L. New York Ent. Soc. Journ. 4:1. 
1896. 

strigata Mull., Hemithea Fam. Geometridae 

Synonym — Nemoria aestivaria Hub. 

Hosts — Quercus, Crataegus, Corylus, Syringa, Malus, Prunus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution ■ — Europe, Asia, Japan. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 163. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:5. 1910. 

strigosa Fabr., Acronycta '.. .Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Rhamnus. 

Injury ■ — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 137. 1908. 



Lepidoptera 1127 

subsignarius Hub., Ennomos Fam. Geometridae 

(See page 1076.) 

suffusana Z., Notocelia Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Pyrus, Malus. 

Injury — Larva ties together leaf cluster and feeds within, also eats leaf buds. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia Minor. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:279. 1910. 

sup'erans Guen., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

(See page 1074.) 

tesselaris A. and S., Halisidota Fam. Arctiidae 

(See page 1073.) 

textor Harris, Hyphantria (Fall webworm) Fam. Arctiidae 

(See page 1073.) 

thysbe Fabr., Hemaris Fam. Sphingidae 

Hosts — Viburnum, Symphoricarpus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution. — Eastern North America. 

References — Fernald, C. H. Sphingidae of New England, p. 16. 1886. 

Beutenmueller, William. Hawk moths of the vicinity of New York City, 
p. 9. 1903. 

tiliaria Harris, Erranis (Lime-tree span worm) Fam. Geometridae 

(See page 1076.) 

tineana Hub., Ancylis Fam. Tortricidae 

Hosts — Populus, Crataegus, Prunus, Malus. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage after tying it with silk. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:270. 1910. 

tirhaca Cr., Pseudophia Fam. Noctuidae 

Synonym — Ophiusa tirrhaea Cr. 
Hosts — Rhus, Pistacia, Crataegus. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — Southern Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and islands of southern Pacific. 
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 312. 1908. 

titea Cram., Phigalia Fam. Geometridae 

(See page 1076.) 

trapezina Linn., Calymnia Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Quercus, Salix, Crataegus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 244. 1908. 

tridens Schiff., Acronycta Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus, Malus, Rosa, Salix, Rhamnus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 208. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 137. 1908. 



1128 Lepidoptera 

turnus Linn., Papilio (Tiger swallowtail) Fam. Papilionidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Malus, Cydonia, Primus, Betula, Tilia, Quercus, Salix, and other 

species. 
Injury ■ — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Eastern North America. 
References — Saunders, William. Can. ent. 6:2. 1874. 

Packard, A. S. Fifth rept. U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 536. 1890. 

unicornis A. and S., Schizura Fam. Notodontidae 

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Ulmus, Populus, Corylus, Quercus, and other 

species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — North America. 
Reference — Packard, A. S. Nat. Acad. Sci. Memoir 1:203. 1895. 

variegana Hub., Olethreutes Fam. Tortncidae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Crataegus, Prunus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva ties leaf clusters together and eats leaves and buds. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 
References — Newstead, R. Gard. chron. 1901 : 342. 1901. 

Theobald, F. V. Insect pests of fruits, p. 82. 1909. 

vernata Peck, Paleatrita (Spring cankerworm) Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Ulmus, Malus, Crataegus, and other species. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Wellhouse, W. H. Univ. Kans., Ent, Dept. Bui. 11:283. 1917. 

vetusta Boisd., Hemerocampa (Western tussock moth) Fam. Lymantriidae 

Hosts — Malus, Prunus, Crataegus, Juglans, Quercus, and other species. 
Injury — ■ Larva eats leaves and sometimes young fruit, 
Distribution — Pacific coast of the United States. 

References — Branigan, E. J. State Comm. Hort. California. Mo. bul. 3:245. 1914. 
Essig, E. O. Injurious and beneficial insects of California, p. 408. 1915. 

viridana Walch., Chariptera Fam. Noctuidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Pyrus. 

Injury — Larva eats foliage at night. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 1 : 204. 1908. 

viridata Linn., Nemoria. Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Calluna, Crataegus, Rubus, Quercus, Betula, Corylus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 235. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:4. 1910. 

vulgata Haw., Tephroclystia Fam. Geometridae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Polygonum, Rubus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe, Asia, 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 209. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:75. 1910. 

r ulgella Hub., Gelechia Fam. Gelechiidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus. 



Lepidoptera — DlPTERA 1 129 

Injury — Larva ties together a cluster of leaves and feeds within. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 210. 1872. 
Spuler, A. Schmetterlinge Europas, 2:358. 1910. 

DlPTERA 

absobrina Felt, Rhizomyia Fam. Ceci iomyiidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Populus. Prunus virginiana. 

Injury — Larva found in leaf gall. 

Distribution — North America. 

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:138. 1918. 

anthobia F. Loew, Contarina Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injun/ — Solitary larva feeds in blossom bud, causing it to remain closed and swollen. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Ross, H. Die Pflanzengallen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. p. 132. 1911. 
Bagnall. R. S., and Harrison, J. W. H. Ent. Soc. London. Trans. 1 9 1 7 : : !'. >1 . 
1917. 

bedeguar Walsh, Cecidomyia (Tufted thorn gall) Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae deform leaves with filamentous subglobular vein galls, 1 cm. long, 

generally found on the midveins. 
Distribution — North America. 
References — Walsh, B. D. Can. ent, 1 : 79. 1869. 

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 138. 1918. 

a ra si 'folia Felt, Mycodiplosis Fam. Cecidomyiidat 

Hosts — Prunus virginiana, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae live in galls on hawthorn fruit caused by Gymnosporangitun clavipes, 

and feed on the rust spores. 
Distribution — North America. 

References — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 152. 1918. 
Wellhouse, W. H. Ent. news 30: 144. 1919. 

circumdata Winn., Perrisia Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Larva lives in leaf gall. 

Distribution — Germany. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde. p. 212. 1872. 

Kieffer, J. J. Genera insectorum, fasc. 152, p. 75. 1913. 

crataegi Winn., Perrisia Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus oxyacantha. 

Injury — Colonies of larvae cause rosettes of deformed sessile leaves, which make trees 

and hedges unsightly. 
Distribution — Europe. 
References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde. p. 212. 1872. 

Connold, E. T. British vegetable galls, p. 190. 1902. 

crataegifolia Felt, Hormomyia (Thorn cockscomb gall) Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva deforms leaf with a green or red gall 1 cm. long, shaped like a cockscomb. 

Distribution — United States. 

References — Felt, E. P. Journ. econ. ent, 1 : 20. 1908. 

Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 136. 1918. 
(Figs. 116 and 117, pa ? e 1052.) 



1130 DlPTERA 

crataegifolia Felt, Lestodiplosis (Hawthorn fringed-cup gall) Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva causes a gall on leaf or twig. 
Distribution — United States. 

References — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 124:408. 1908. 
Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:138. 1918. 
(Figs. 114 and 115, page 1081.) 

excavata Felt, Lasioptera (Purple leaf blotch) Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae deform leaves with green or reddish, blister-like mines, about 8 mm. 

in diameter. 
Distribution — United States. 
Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:138. 1918. 

hirta Felt, Rhizomyia Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — ■ Species probably inquiline in blister mine made by Lasioptera excavata. 

Distribution — United States. 

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 138. 1918. 

hudsonici Felt, Winnertzii Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva deforms leaf with stout, cup-shaped, fimbriate, unicellular gall. 

Distribution — United States. 

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200: 138. 1918. 

pomonella Walsh, Rhagoletis (Apple maggot) Fam. Trypetidae 

Hosts — -Crataegus, Malus, Vaccinium, Symphoricarpos. 
Injury — ■ Larva tunnels in fruit. 
Distribution — ■ Eastern North America. 

References — Walsh, B. D. First annual report on noxious insects of Illinois, p. 30. 
1868. 
O'Kane, W. C! New Hampshire Agr. Exp. Sta. Bui. 171. 1914. 
Severin, H. H. P. State Comm. Hort. California. Mo. bul. 7:430. 1918. 

venae Felt, Lobopleromyia (Thorn vein gall) Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — ■ Larva causes oval, smooth, fleshy gall, 5 to 8 mm. long, on leaf vein. 
Distribution — United States. 

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bul. 200 : 138. 1918. 
(Figs. 118 and 119, page K)S3.) 

venitalis Felt, Dicrodiplosis Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — ■ Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva found in same gall with Lobopteromyia venae. 

Distribution — United States. 

Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bul. 200 : 138. 1918. 

Cecidomyia sp. (a. 2727 Felt) Fam. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 

Injury — Larvae cause subglobose, greenish, sometimes confluent, frequently pointed, 

polythalamous vein galls, the under side reddish, diameter 3 mm. 
Distribution — United States. 
Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bul. 200 : 138. 1918. 

Cecidomyia sp. (a. 1840 Felt) (Thorn spindle gall) Fan. Cecidomyiidae 

Host — Crataegus. 



Diptera — Hymenoptera 1 131 

Injury — Larva causes a spindle-shaped thickened gall on leaf vein, green or reddish, 

length 1 cm., diameter 2 mm. 
Distribution — Eastern United States. 
Reference — Felt, E. P. New York State Mus. Bui. 200:138. 1918. 

(Figs. 120 and 121, page 1084.) 

Hymenoptera 

betuleti Klg., Trichiosoma Fam. Tenthredinidae 

Synonyms — Cimbex crataegi Wd., Trichiosoma tibialis Steph. 
Host — Crataegus. 
Injury — Larva eats foliage. 
Distribution — Europe. 
efer nces — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 211. 1872. 

Andre, Ed. Species des Hymenopteres d' Europe, 1:27. 1879. 

cerasi Linn., Caliroa (Pear and cherry slug) Fam. Tenthredinidae 

Hosts — Prunus, Crataegus, Pyrus. and other species. 
Injury — Larvae skeletonize leaves. 
Distribution — Europe, North America, Australia. 

References — Slingerland, M. V., and Crosby, C. R. Manual of fruit insects, p. 214. 
1914. 
MacGillivray, A. D. Hymenoptera of Connecticut, p. 79. 1916. 

cotlaris MacG., Profenusa (Cherry and hawthorn sawfly leaf miner) . . Fam. Tenthredinidae 
Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus cerasus. 
Injury — Larva mines in leaf, causing brown blister which may cover from a quarter 

to the whole of the upper surface of the leaf. 
Distribution — Massachusetts, New York. 

Reference — Parrott, P. J., and Fulton, B. B. New York (Geneva) Agr. Exp. Sta. 
Bui. 411. 1915. 

druparum Boh., Syntomaspis (Apple seed chalcid) Fam. Chalcididae 

Hosts — Malus, Pyrus, Sorbus, Crataegus. 

Injury — Oviposition punctures cause dimples in fruit, and larvae destroy seeds. 

Distribution — Europe, North America. 

References — Schlechtendall, D. von. Ztschr. Naturwiss. Halle 61 : 41.5. 1888. 

Cushman, R. A. Journ. agr. res. 7:487. 1916. 

Woodruffe-Peacock, E. A. Naturalist (London), no. 753, p. 329. 1919. 

flaviventris Retz., Lyda Fam. Tenthredinidae 

Synonym — Lyda clypeata Klg. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus. 

Injury — Larvae defoliate branches, feeding in colonies. 

Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach, J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 206. 1872. 

Andre, Ed. Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe, 1 : 516. 1879. 

humeralis Fourc, Cimbex Fam. Tenthredinidae 

Synonym — Cimbex axillaris Pz. 

Hosts — Crataegus, Prunus padus. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Europe. 

References — Kaltenbach. J. H. Pflanzenfeinde, p. 212. 1872. 

Andre, Ed. Species des Hymenopteres d'Europe, 1:24. 1879. 



1132 Hymenoptera 

padi Linn., Priophorus Fam. Tenthredinidae 

Hosts — Crataegus, Pyrus, Prunus, Malus, Sorbus, and other species. 
Injury — Larva skeletonizes leaves. 
Distribution — Europe. 

References — Andre, Ed. Species des Hymc'nnpteres d'Europe, 1:84. 1S7'.). 
Collinge, W. E. Manual of injurious insects, p. 219. 1912. 

punctum-album Linn., Macrophya Fam. Tenthredinidae 

Hosts — Fraxinus, Ligustrum, Crataegus. 

Injury — Larva feeds on foliage. 

Distribution — Europe. 

Reference — Andre, Ed. Species des Hymenopt ?res d'Europe, 1 : 359. 1879. 

Four species of unidentified sawflies (pages 1086 and 1087.) 



INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES 

(Synonyms are in italics) 



A PAGE 

Acalla oontaminana 1113 

holmiana 1 1 IB 

Acrobasis nebviella 1117 

Acronycta americana 10 '3. 1109 

dactylina LO/3, 1114 

euphorbiae 1115 

luteicoma 1073, 1 1 19 

occidentalis.. . 1074, 1120 

j. si . 1123 

radcliffei 1074, 1124 

strigosa 1 126 

superans 1074, 1127 

tridens 1127 

Aegeria pyri 1 124 

Agrilus politus 1 106 

sinuatus 1 108 

vittaticollis 1050, 1 108 

Agriotes pubescens 1066, 1107 

Alsophila pometeria 1076, 1 122 

Alticopus galeazii 1 107 

Amphidasis betularia 1111 

Amphipyra pyramidea 1123 

pyramidoides 1074, 1123 

Ancylis nubeculana 1077, 1120 

selenana 1 12.5 

tineana 1127 

Anisopteryx aescularia 1109 

Anthaxia quercata 1 107 

Anthonomopsis mixtus 1105 

Anthonomus decipiens 1 103 

flavicornis 1 104 

nebulosus 106S, 1105 

pomorum 1 106 

profundus 1 106 

Aphis tivenae (Amer. authors) 109S 

avenae Fabr • 1097 

bakeri 1092 

brevis 1092 

crataegi Buck 1094 

crataegi Kalt 1093 

crataegi Koch 1093 

crataegiella 1094 

crataegifoliae 1064, 1094 

crataegus-coccinea 1094 

edentula.. 1095 

Mchii 109S 

mali L098 

malifoliae 1099 

marutae 1096 

oxyacanthae Koch 1097 

oxyacanthae Schr 1098 

padi 1097 

pomi 1065, 1098 

pyri 1093 

ranunculi 1093 

rumicis 1099 

sorbi 1099 

Apion pomonae 1 106 

Aporia crataegi 1113 

Archips argyrospila 1077, 1110 

Argvreithia ephippella 1 115 

nitidella 1120 

oreasella 1078, 1121 



PAGE 

Argyresthia pruniella . . . .1115 

Argyroploce pruniana. . . . 1123 

Aspidiotus hederae . 1095 

nerii 1095 

ostreiformis 1097 

oxyacinth le , 1097 

perniciosus 1065, 1098 

piri . .... 1098 

Asteroscopus cassinii . 1126 

Automeris io 1073, 11 17 

B 

Basilarchia arthemis 1110 

astyanax 1110 

Blastodacna curvilineella. . . 1080, 1114 

hellerella 1116 

Bracliionycha sphinx 1126 

Brachys aerosus 1066, 1101 

Bucculatrix crataegi . . 1113 

pomifoliella 1079, 1122 

Byturus tomentosus 1 108 

C 

Cacoecia crataegana 1113 

rosaceana 1078, 1 12.5 

rosana 1125 

Caliroa cerasi 1086, 1131 

Calligrapha multipunctata .■ 1105 

Calymnia trapezina 1127 

Capsus medius 1097 

Capua angustiorana 1 109 

Catocala blandula 1111 

crataegi 1113 

fulminea - 1115 

paranympha 1115 

polygama 1122 

Cecidomyia bedeguar 1129 

sp. (a. 1840 Felt) 10S2, 1130 

sp. (a. 2727 Felt) 1130 

Cemiostoma scitella 1 125 

Ceratocapsus pumilus 1099 

( !eresa bubalis 1092 

taurina... 1063, 1 100 

Ceroplastes rusci 1099 

Chalepus dorsalis 1103 

Chariptera viridana 1 128 

Cheimatobia brumata 1111 

Chermes quercus 1094 

Chionaspis furfura, 1065, 1095 

Choragus scheppatftli 1 107 

Chrysobothris feinBrata 1050, ] 103 

Cilex glaucatus 1116 

Cimbex axillaris 1131 

crataegi 1131 

humeralis 1 131 

Onephasia nubilana 1120 

Coleophora anatipennella 1109 

fletcherella 1079, 1 115 

hemerobiella 1116 

malivorella 1079, 1119 

tiliella 1109 

Conotrachelus crataegi 1051, 1068, 1103 



1133 



1134; 



Index 



PAGE 

Conotrachelus naso 1105 

nenuphar 1 105 

posticatus 1 106 

Contarina anthobia 1129 

Coptodisca splendoriferella 1079, 1126 

Corythucha arcuata 1095 

bellula 1056, 1092 

brunnea 1092 

crataegi 1095 

cydoniae 1095 

Crambus oxyacanthae 1115 

Crepidodera helxines 1067, 1101 

Cryptocephalus bipunctatus 1050, 1101 

Cydia pomonella 1 122 

D 

Dasychira pudibunda Ill3 

Datana integerrima 1117 

ministra , .. 1075, 1119 

Deraeocoris olivaceus 1097 

Diaphnidia pellucida 1055, 1098 

Diaspis piri 1092 

Dibolia borealis 1067, 1 102 

Dichelia grotiana 1116 

Dichelonycha elongata 1066, 1103 

testacea 1067, 1108 

Dicrodiplosis venitalis 1130 

Diloba coeruleocephala 1112 

Diphucephala colaspidoides 1102 

E 

Eecoptogaster pruni 1106 

rugulosus 1107 

Empoa querci 1062, 1099 

rosae 1099 

Empoasca mali 1061, 1096 

Ennomos magnarius 1076, 1119 

subsignarius 1076, 1127 

Epetrimerus armatus 1090 

Epiblema biscutana 1111 

Epicnaptera americana 1075, 1109 

Epidiaspis betulae 1092 

leperi 1092 

piricola 1092 

Epigraphia steinkelneriana 1126 

Epitrix cucumeris 1067, 1103 

Erineum clandestinum 1090 

oxyacanthae 1090 

Eriogaster catax 1111 

lanestris 1117 

Eriophyes calycobius 1090 

crataegi 1090 

crataegi-vermiculus 1090 

goniothorax 1053, 1090 

pyracanthae .j 1090 

. pyri M 1090 

sp. No. 1 '. 1052, 1091 

sp. No. 2 1053 

sp. No. 3 1053 

Eriosoma crataegi 1096 

lanigera 1051, 1064, 1096 

Erranis tiliaria 1076, 1127 

Erythroneura obliqua 1061, 1097 

Eulecanium pyri 1093 

Eulia quadrifasciana 1078, 1124 

Euproctis chrysorrhea 1112 

Eupteryx vanduzei 1062, 1100 

Euscelis curtisii 1061, 1094 

Eutettix seminudus 1062, 1099 

Euthrips tritici 1066, 1100 

Exapate congelatella 1112 



G PAGE 

Gastropacha quercifolia 1124 

Gelechia spurcella 1 126 

vulgella 1 1^8 

Glossonotus crataegi 1063, 1093 

Gonodontis bidentata 1111 

Graphocephala coccinea 1061, 1093 

Grapholitha janthinana 1117 

kroesmanniana 1 125 

H 

Halisidota caryae 1073, 1111 

tesselaris 1073, 1127 

Haltica carinata 1067, 1102 

foliacea 1 104 

Hemaris thysbe 1 127 

Hemerocampa leucostigma 1075, 1118 

vetusta 1128 

Hemithea strigata 1 126 

Hercyna palliolalis 1 1 14 

Heterocampa manteo 1074, 1 1 19 

Heterocordylus malinus 1051, 1054, 1096 

Hibernia aurantiaria 1110 

bajaria 1110 

defoliaria 1114 

leucophaearia 11 18 

marginaria 1 1 19 

Holcophora fasciellus 1115 

Horcias dislocatus 1051, 1095 

Hormomyia crataegifolia 1082, 1129 

Hyphantria textor 1073, 1127 

Hyponomeuta padella 1121 

I 

Idiocerus crataegi 1094 

fitchi 1061, 1095 

lachrymalis 1061, 1095 

rnaculipennis 1095 

pallidus 1062, 1098 

provancheri 1062, 1098 

suturalis 1062, 1100 

Idiostet hus tubulatus 1 108 

L 

Lamenia vulgaris 1063, 1100 

Lasiocampa quercus 1124 

Lasioptera excavata 1130 

Laspeyresia prunivora 1051, 1078, 1123 

Lecanium bituberculatum 1092 

capreae 1093 

corni 1065, 1093 

coryli 1093 

nigrof asciatum 1097 

pruinosum 1098 

Lepidosaphes ulmi 1065, 1 100 

Lestes viridis 1048, 1091 

Lestodiplosis crataegifolia 1080, 1130 

Limnobaris calva 1102 

Limonius dubitans 1066, 1103 

Liparis auriflua 1 125 

Lithocolletis betulae 1110 

cerisolella 1112 

concomitella 1112 

corylifoliella 1113 

crataegella 1113 

malimalifoliella 1119 

oxyacanthae 1121 

pomifoliella 1112 

prunivorella 1116 

Lobopteromyia venae 1082, 1130 

I Lophopteryx cuculla. . : 1114 

JttLyeia cognataria 1076, 1112 



Index 



1135 



PAGE 

Lyda clypeala 1131 

flaviventris 1131 

Lygidea mendax 1051, 1055, 1096 

Lygus communis 1054, 1093 

ostryae 1055, 1097 

pratensis 1055, 1098 

univittatus 1055, 1100 

Lymantria dispar 1114 

Lyonetia clerkella 1112 

M 

Macrodactylus subspinosus 1108 

Macrophya punctum-album 1132 

Macrosiphum crataegarium 1093 

crataegi 1063, 1094 

Magdalis aenescens 1 101 

barbicornis 1101 

cerasi 1 102 

nitidipennis 1 105 

pruni 1 106 

Malacosoma americana 1075, 1 109 

disstria 1114 

neustria 1 120 

, Melanoplus atlanis 1054, 1091 

bivittatus 1054, 1091 

femur-rubrum 1054, 1091 

Melanotus sp 1066, 1108 

Melinna pumila 1099 

Mesoleuca lacustrata 1117 

Mineola indigenella 1077, 1117 

Miselia oxyacanthae. 1121 

Mycodiplosis cerasifolia 1129 

Mytilaspis pomoram 1100 

Myzus oxyacanthae 1097 

N 

Naeophora quernaria 1124 

Nematocampa filamentaria 1118 

limbata 1 1 18 

Nemoria aestivaria 1126 

porrinata 1 122 

viridata 1128 

Nepticula aterrima 1110 

atricollis 1110 

crataegifoliella 1114 

gratiosella 1116 

ignobilella 1117 

nitidella 1120 

oxyacanthella 1 121 

prunetorum 1 123 

pygmaeella 1 1 23 

regiella 1124 

scintillans 1 125 

Nola cucullatella 11 14 

Notocelia suffusana 1 127 

Notodonta ciicidlina 1 1 14 

Notolophus antiqua 1110 

O 

Oecanthus niveus 1048, 1091 

Olethreutes achatana 1109 

chionosema 1077, 1112 

variegana 1128 

Ophiderma flavicephala 1063, 1095 

Ophiusa tirrhaea 1127 

Opisthograptis luteolata 1119 

Orchestes rufus 1 107 

Urnix anglicella 1 109 

crataegifoliella 1 114 

geminatella 1116 



PAGE 

Ornix inusitatumella 1117 

Orthotylus ornatus 1055, 1097 

Otiorrhynchus caudatus. . . . 1102 

crataegi .1 103 

Ovatus mespili 1096 

P 

Paleacrita vernata 1076, 1128 

Pamene rhediella 1124 

spiniana 1126 

Pandemis heparana .1116 

ribeana 1 125 

Paonias myops 1 1 19 

Papilio podalirius 1122 

turnus 1072, 1128 

Parlatoria oleae 1097 

Pemphigus corrugatans 10! 3, 1093 

Penthina robrana 1113 

Perrisia circumdata 1129 

crataegi. 1129 

Phenacoccus aceris 1091 

betheli 1095 

dearnessi 1095 

Phigalia pedaria 1121 

titea 1076. 1127 

Philaenus lineatus 1061, 1096 

Phycita nebulo 1117 

Phyllobius maculicornis 1104 

oblongus 1 105 

Physatocheila dumetorum 1095 

Pineapple gall (maker unknown) 1085 

Platysamia cecropia 1111 

Poecilocampa populi 1122 

Polydrusus impressifrons 1104 

pterygomalis 1107 

sericeus 1107 

Porthesia similis 1125 

Priophorus padi 1132 

Prociphilus crataegi 1094 

pyri 1099 

Prodenia praefica 1122 

Profenusa collaris 1 . 1131 

Psallus ambiguus 1091 

Pseudanthonomus crataegi 1103 

Pseudophia tirhaca 1 127 

Psylla costalis 1093 

crataegi Schr 1094 

crataegi Forst 1096 

crataegicola Flor 1098 

crataegicola Forst 1096 

mali 1049, 1096 

melanoneura 1096 

peregrina 1098 

saliceti 1099 

Pulvinaria betulae 1100 

innumerabilis 1100 

oxyacanthae 1100 

vitis. . 1065, 1100 

Pyrausta purpuralis 1 123 

R 

Ramphus flavicornis 1 104 

oxyacanthae 1 104 

Recurvaria r.rataegella 1120 

leucatella 1118 

nanella . .. 1051, 1120 

Rhagoletis pomonella 1059, 1085, 1130 

Rhizomyia absob.ina 1080, 1129 

hirta 1130 

Rhodophaea advenella 1 109 

Rhopalosiphum pad:. 1097 



1136 



Index 



PAGE 

Rhopalosiphum prunifoliae 1065, 1098 

Rhopobota naevana 1 120 

Rhynchites aeneovirens var. punetatus 1100 

aequatus 1101 

auratus 1101 

bacchus Linn 1 101 

bacchua Oliv 1101 

coeruleocephalus 1 102 

comntus 1 105 

ronicus 1 1 04 

cyanicolor 1107 

giganteus 1 104 

icosandriae 1 104 

olivaceus 1 105 

ophthalmicus 1 10S 

pauxillus 1 105 

pubescens 1 107 

sericeus 1 108 

Rosalia alpina 1 101 

Uumia crataegata 1119 

s 

Saperda bivittata 11C2 

Candida 1102 

cretata 1 103 

favi 1103 

Sawfly No. 1 1086, 1132 

Saw-fly No. 2 1086, 1132 

Sawfly No. 3 1086, 1132 

Sawfly No. 4 1087, 1 132 

Schizoneura americana 1096 

Sehizura concinna 1074, 1112 

unicornis 1 128 

Scythropia crataegella 1113 

Selenia lunaria 1118 

Sesia pyri 1 124 

scitula 1076, 1125 

Sibine stimulea 1126 

Simaethis fabriciana 1115 

pariana 1051, 1121 

Sphecodina abbotti 1108 

Steganoptycha signatana 1125 

Strymon calanus 1111 

liparops 1118 

melinus 1119 

Swammerdamia lutarea 1118 

oxyar.anthelln 1118 

Syneta albida 1 101 



PACE 

Syntomaspis druparum 1131 

Systena marginalia 1067, 1105 

T 

Tachypterus quadrigibbus 1072, 1107 

Taeniocampa gothica 1116 

incerta 1 1 17 

instabilis 1117 

Telea polyphemus 1 122 

Tephroclystia vulgata 1 128 

Tetraneura ulmi 1100 

Tetranyehus pilosus 1090 

telarius: 1051, 1091 

Thamnotettix clitellarius 1061, 1092 

Thecla /filacer 1111 

Thyridoptoryx ephemeraef ormis 1115 

Tinea oxyac.nnthella 1115 

Tischeria malifoliella 1 1 19 

Tmetoeera ocellana 1078, 1120 

Tortrix incisana 1 1 17 

laevigana 1 125 

Trichiosonia betuleti 1131 

tibialis 1 131 

Trichiura crataegi 1114 

Trichosea ludifica 1118 

Trioza urticae 1 1 00 

Triphosa dubitata 11 15 

Trochilium myopiforme 1119 

Typhlocyba crataegi 1094 

Tymnes metasternalis 1 105 

V 

Valeria oleagina 1121 

W 

Winnertzia hudsoniei 1130 

X 

Xanthoma villosula 1067, 1108 

Xylotrechus convergeus 1102 

Y 

Yponomeuta cognatellus 1112 

padellus 1051, 1121 

Z 

Zeuzera aesculi 1124 

pyrina 1124 



